Encrypt Your –Defaults-File
Encrypt Your –Defaults-File
This blog post will look how to use encryption to secure your database credentials.
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In the recent blog post, Use MySQL Shell Securely From Bash, there are some good examples of how you might avoid using a ~/.my.cnf — but you still need to put that password down on disk in the script. MySQL 5.6.6 and later introduced the –login-path option, which is a handy way to store per-connection entries and keep the credentials in an encrypted format. This is a great improvement, but as shown in Get MySQL Passwords in Plain Text from .mylogin.cnf, it is pretty easy to get that information back out.
If you want to keep prying eyes away from your super secret database credentials, then you really need to encrypt it. Nowadays most people are familiar with GPG (GNU Privacy Guard), but for those of you that aren’t it is a free implementation of the OpenPGP standard that allows you to encrypt and sign your data and communication.
First Steps…
Before we can go on to use GPG to encrypt our credentials, we need to get it working. GnuPG comes with almost every *nix operating system, but for this post, we’ll be using Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, and we’ll presume that it isn’t yet installed.
$ sudo apt-get install gnupg gnupg-agent pinentry-cursesOnce the packages are installed, there is a little configuration required to make things simpler. We’ll go with some minimal settings just to get you going. First of all, we’ll create our main key:
Create a GPG key
$ gpg --gen-key
gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.12; Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Please select what kind of key you want:
(1) RSA and RSA (default)
(2) DSA and Elgamal
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
Your selection? 1
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (4096)
Requested keysize is 4096 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (5y)
Key expires at Tue 05 Oct 2021 23:59:00 BST
Is this correct? (y/N) y
You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID
from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:
"Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"
Real name: Ceri Williams
Email address: notmyrealaddress@somedomain.com
Comment: Encrypted credentials for MySQL
You selected this USER-ID:
"Ceri Williams (Encrypted credentials for MySQL) <notmyrealaddress@somedomain.com>"
Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? O
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.After typing a password and gaining sufficient entropy, you will have your first key! You can show your private keys as follows:
$ gpg --list-secret-keys
/home/ceri/.gnupg/secring.gpg
-----------------------------
sec 4096R/C38C02B0 2016-10-06 [expires: 2021-10-05]
uid Ceri Williams (Encrypted credentials for MySQL) <notmyrealaddress@somedomain.com>We’ll now create our “gpg.conf,” in which to keep a few settings. This sets the key that is used by default when encrypting, enables the gpg-agent and removes the copyright message.
GPG Settings
$ cat <<EOF > ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
default-key C38C02B0
use-agent
no-greeting
EOFNow, we’ll add a few settings for “gpg-agent” and allow the key to be saved for one day to reduce the number of times you need to enter a password. Also, as this post concentrates on command line programs, we’ve enabled the ncurses pinentry to specify the password when requested.
Agent Settings
$ cat <<EOF > ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
pinentry-program /usr/bin/pinentry-curses
default-cache-ttl 86400
max-cache-ttl 86400
EOFYou can find more information about setting up and using GPG in the GNU Privacy Handbook.
Encrypt Your Credentials
If all has gone well so far, you should be able to encrypt your first message. Here is a simple example to create armored (ASCII) output for a recipient with key “C38C02B0":
Encrypt Your First Message
$ echo hello | gpg -e --armor -r C38C02B0
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
Version: GnuPG v1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=HsSu
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----Now that we have GPG working, we can secure our credentials and encrypt them to use later on. One of the default files MySQL reads is “~/.my.cnf,” which is where you can store your user credentials for easy command line access.
Encrypt the Config
$ cat <<EOF | gpg --encrypt --armor -r C38C02B0 -o ~/.my.cnf.asc
[client]
user = ceri
password = mysecretpassword
[mysql]
skip-auto-rehash
prompt = "smysql d> "
EOFThere you go, everything is nice and secure! But wait, how can anything use this?
Bash Fu Brings MySQL Data to You
Most MySQL and Percona tools will accept the “–defaults-file” argument, which tells the program where to look to find what configuration to run. This will allow us to use our encrypted config.
The following script carries out the following actions:
- Creates a temporary file on disk and then removes it
- Creates a FIFO (a socket-like communication channel that requires both ends to be connected)
- Decrypts the config to the FIFO in the background
- Launches the “mysql” client and reads from the FIFO
Smysql.sh
#!/bin/bash
set -e
declare -ra ARGS=( "${@}" )
declare -ri ARGV=${#ARGS[@]}
declare -r SEC_MYCNF=$(test -f ${1:-undef} && echo $_ || echo '.my.cnf.asc')
declare -r SEC_FIFO=$(mktemp)
declare -a PASSTHRU=( "${ARGS[@]}" )
test ${ARGV} -gt 0 &&
test -f "${ARGS[0]}" &&
PASSTHRU=( "${ARGS[@]:1}" )
set -u
function cleanup {
test -e ${SEC_FIFO} && rm -f $_
return $?
}
function decrypt {
set +e
$(which gpg) --batch --yes -o ${SEC_FIFO} -d ${SEC_MYCNF} >debug.log 2>&1
test $? -eq 0 || $(which gpg) --yes -o ${SEC_FIFO} -d ${SEC_MYCNF} >debug.log 2>&1
set -e
}
function exec_cmd {
local -r cmd=${1}
set +u
${cmd} --defaults-file=${SEC_FIFO} "${PASSTHRU[@]}"
set -u
}
trap cleanup EXIT
test -e ${SEC_MYCNF} || exit 1
cleanup && mkfifo ${SEC_FIFO} && decrypt &
exec_cmd /usr/bin/mysqlYou can use this script as you would normally with the “mysql” client, and pass your desired arguments. You can also optionally pass a specific encrypted config as the first argument:
Connect to MySQL
$ ./smysql.sh .my.test.asc
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 56
Server version: 5.7.14-8 Percona Server (GPL), Release '8', Revision '1f84ccd'
Copyright (c) 2009-2016 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
smysql (none)>There we go, MySQL access via an encrypted “–defaults-file” – and as long as your key is unlocked in the agent you do not need to enter the password.
But wait . . . what about all of the other tools that you might want to use? Well, with a slight tweak you can make the script a little fancier and get other tools to use the config, too (tools such as mysqladmin, mysqldump, pt-show-grants, pt-table-checksum, etc.). The key part of the next script is the specification of accepted commands (“ALIASES”) and the use of symbolic links to alias the script:
#!/bin/bash
set -e
declare -ra ARGS=( "${@}" )
declare -ri ARGV=${#ARGS[@]}
declare -rA ALIASES=(
[smysql]=mysql
[smysqldump]=mysqldump
[smysqladmin]=mysqladmin
[spt-show-grants]=pt-show-grants
[spt-table-checksum]=pt-table-checksum
[spt-table-sync]=pt-table-sync
[spt-query-digest]=pt-query-digest
)
declare -r PROGNAME=$(basename ${0})
declare -r SEC_MYCNF=$(test -f ${1:-undef} && echo $_ || echo '.my.gpg')
declare -r SEC_FIFO=$(mktemp)
declare -a PASSTHRU=( "${ARGS[@]}" )
test ${ARGV} -gt 0 &&
test -f "${ARGS[0]}" &&
PASSTHRU=( "${ARGS[@]:1}" )
set -u
function cleanup {
test -e ${SEC_FIFO} && rm -f $_
return $?
}
function decrypt {
set +e
$(which gpg) --batch --yes -o ${SEC_FIFO} -d ${SEC_MYCNF} >debug.log 2>&1
test $? -eq 0 || $(which gpg) --yes -o ${SEC_FIFO} -d ${SEC_MYCNF} >debug.log 2>&1
set -e
}
function check_cmd {
local k
local cmd=${1}
for k in "${!ALIASES[@]}"; do
test "${cmd}" = ${k} &&
test -x "$(which ${ALIASES[${k}]})" &&
echo $_ && return 0
done
return 1
}
function exec_cmd {
local -r cmd=${1}
set +u
${cmd} --defaults-file=${SEC_FIFO} "${PASSTHRU[@]}"
set -u
}
function usage {
local realfn=$(realpath ${0})
cat <<EOS | fold -sw 120
USAGE: $(basename ${0}) enc_file.gpg [--arg=val]
use a GPG-encrypted my.cnf (default: ${SEC_MYCNF})
currently supports:
${ALIASES[@]}
create a symlink to match the alias (real app prefixed with 's')
e.g.
sudo ln -s ${realfn} /usr/local/bin/smysql
sudo ln -s ${realfn} /usr/local/bin/spt-show-grants
EOS
}
trap cleanup EXIT ERR
test -e ${SEC_MYCNF} || { usage; exit 1; }
cmd=$(check_cmd ${PROGNAME})
test $? -eq 0 || { echo ${ALIASES[${PROGNAME}]} is not available; exit 3; }
cleanup && mkfifo ${SEC_FIFO} && decrypt &
exec_cmd ${cmd}Now, we can set up some symlinks so that the script can be called in a way that the correct application is chosen:
Symlinks for Tools
$ mkdir -p ~/bin
$ mv smysql.sh ~/bin
$ ln -s ~/bin/smysql.sh ~/bin/smysql
$ ln -s ~/bin/smysql.sh ~/bin/smysqladmin
$ ln -s ~/bin/smysql.sh ~/bin/spt-show-grantsExamples
With some symlinks now in place, we can try out some of the tools that we have enabled:
Testing the Tools
$ ~/bin/smysql -Bsse 'select 1'
1
$ ~/bin/smysqladmin proc
+----+------+-----------+----+---------+------+----------+------------------+-----------+---------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | Rows_sent | Rows_examined |
+----+------+-----------+----+---------+------+----------+------------------+-----------+---------------+
| 58 | ceri | localhost | | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | 0 | 0 |
+----+------+-----------+----+---------+------+----------+------------------+-----------+---------------+
$ ~/bin/spt-show-grants --only root@localhost | head -n3
-- Grants dumped by pt-show-grants
-- Dumped from server Localhost via UNIX socket, MySQL 5.7.14-8 at 2016-10-07 01:01:55
-- Grants for 'root'@'localhost'Download the whitepaper, Moving From Relational to NoSQL: How to Get Started. We’ll take you step by step through your first NoSQL project.
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