My previous post on streams demonstrates how useful this feature is to Java 8. However, it created a problem for the API designers. The problem was how to we extend the existing Collection’s API without breaking existing Collections implementations (Guava, Apache, etc.).

The solution was to allow methods in interfaces, meaning that any implementations already carry an implementation of the extension.

A good example is:

public interface Collection extends Iterable {
    // ....
    default Stream<E> stream() {
        return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
    }
    // ....
}

Rules on default methods

• Always public
• default – keyword

Multiple Inheritance

Java always had multiple inheritance in interfaces, but it wasn’t an issue, as it didn’t matter which version of the inherited method was implemented.

interface Fred {
    void run();
}
public class OldSkoolMultipleInheritance implements Runnable, Fred {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println("Runnable and Fred share the method signature run()");
    }
}

It’s more complex when default methods are involved, and Java 8 has an order of precedence:

• classes > interfaces
• children > parent
• else select or override implementation

Examples

interface Interface1 {
    default void defaultMethod() {
        System.out.println("print me!");
    }
}
interface Interface2 {
    default void defaultMethod() {
        System.out.println("no print me!");
    }
}

• Classes > Interfaces:

public class DefaultMethodMultipleInheritance implements Interface1, Interface2 {
    @Override
    public void defaultMethod() {
        System.out.println("I win");
    }
}

• Child Interfaces > Parent Interfaces:

interface Interface3 extends Interface2 {
    default void defaultMethod() {
        System.out.println("No no print me!!!");
    }
}
public class DefaultMethodMultipleInheritance implements Interface2, Interface3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new DefaultMethodMultipleInheritance().defaultMethod();
    }
}

Output - No no print me!!!

• Re-implement method in the DefaultMethodsClass and call the specific implementation using super:

Interface1.super.newWave(); or Interface2.super.newWave();

For example:

public class DefaultMethodMultipleInheritance implements Interface1, Interface2 {
    @Override
    public void defaultMethod() {
        Interface1.super.defaultMethod();
    }
}
[/cpde]

Static Methods

The reasoning here is to keep static methods specific to your interface in one location:

• Public.
• Static.
• Never inherited.