Implementation: Scala

Since Scala has some language syntactic sugar around “statics” that essentially turn all statics into a single object, it basically suggests that Scala has built-in implementation of Singleton without much more work to do:

class Product private(var state : Int) {
  def DoSomething() = {
    state += 1
    System.out.println("I did something for the " + this.state + " time")
  }
}

object Product {
  private val _instance = new Product(0)
  def instance() =
    _instance
}

Product.instance.DoSomething()
Product.instance.DoSomething()
Product.instance.DoSomething()

Here, we define a companion object in Scala (the “object” declaration) to hold the static instance of the Product, and return it when requested through the “instance()” definition.

In order to support the consequence that the Singleton should only ever have one instance at a time, we mark the primary constructor as “private”. Since the primary constructor is defined on the class-declaration line and is considered to be class-wide, this means that “private” appears before the primary constructor parameters in the very beginning of the class declaration.

Notice that Scala deliberately chooses to syntactically try to “hide” the differences in syntax between property, method, and field. As a result, despite that “instance()” is written using the method-style syntax, Scala will know how to resolve the field/property-style usage in the example.

Initialization note

For pedagogical purposes, we choose to demonstrate passing in the initial state for the Singleton, rather than having it initialized within the body of the class. This is simply to demonstrate how the private primary constructor syntax should look in Scala.

Lazy initialization

The earlier example uses the JVM’s static-initializer facilities to create the Product instance. (For the companion object above, Scala generates an auxiliary class, “Product$”, which holds a static initializer that immediately turns around and constructs an instance of “Product$”, which in turn immediately constructs the “Product” instance.) If the context demands that this initialization be deferred until the first time the “instance()” is requsted, the instance() definition must construct-on-demand, using traditional logic:

class Product private(var state : Int) {
  def DoSomething() = {
    state += 1
    System.out.println("I did something for the " + this.state + " time")
  }
}

object Product {
  private var _instance : Product = null
  def instance() = {
    if (_instance == null)
      _instance = new Product(0)
    _instance
  }
}

Product.instance.DoSomething()
Product.instance.DoSomething()
Product.instance.DoSomething()

A few syntactic changes are necessary in this implementation:

• The instance field must be explicitly type-declared. This is because Scala’s type inference will make the best match it can, and in this case, since it is being initialized to null, it will assume it is of type Null, which then does not have a method “DoSomething()” declared on it.
• The instance method must now be block-enclosed, since it is now more than one expression.
• The instance field must be declared as “var” instead of “val”, since by definition we are changing its value after the companion object has been initialized.

Concurrency

Being a language that runs on the JVM, Scala has no stronger concurrency guarantees than Java, though it certainly prefers to take a different approach to the design of objects than Java has traditionally embraced (Scala prefers to build immutable objects over mutable ones). However, given that the Singleton often holds state, and that state tends to be immutable (after all, a constant global is often a compile-time constant and therefore no reason to use Singleton at all), it is generally safe to assume that any Singleton in Scala will need to have some kind of concurrency control around it just as any Java or other JVM-based language would.