The Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) provides a way for multiple hosts to communicate so that one of them at a time can hold a virtual IP. Because VRRP is useful for high availability and operates at the intersection of Layer 2 and Layer 3 of the OSI model, it's an interesting topic for a better understanding of networking.

Last time, I introduced VRRP, then spent some time on the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which is used to locate the Ethernet address for a given IP address. This time, I want to head off in a slightly different direction. To work with VRRP, we need at least two hosts with a networking stack and a VRRP implementation. We should also have a client that can be used to ensure the hosts are working.

I've built a virtual lab using Vagrant, VirtualBox, and Ansible. Along the way, there were some interesting lessons learned about working with Vagrant and the latest Ubuntu (16.04 LTS, a.k.a. Xenial). Once I hit about the third one of these showstoppers, I figured I'd better take an article to describe each of them and how I got around them.

Starts and Beginnings

You can see the whole Vagrantfile in the GitHub repo. The box we're using is ubuntu/xenial64. This box represents a change from previous versions of Ubuntu. Before, the boxes were created specifically for Vagrant. This means they have a vagrant user, with a standard SSH key and passwordless sudo access. However, the "xenial" Vagrant box is pretty much a standard Ubuntu cloud image. This has some potential advantages in that an Ubuntu Vagrant box running Xenial will be very similar to an Ubuntu box in the cloud. However, it means there are some differences we have to be aware of.

The first difference is that, instead of a vagrant user, there is a standard ubuntu user. Also, instead of access via key, the SSH access is via user name and password. Fortunately, the box itself takes care of the configuration for this, including for the provisioning we'll be doing with Ansible as well as for vagrant ssh. So we just have to be aware of it if we connect to the VM through some other means.

Second, there's a useful configuration in the box that tells VirtualBox to send the console log to a virtual serial port. This serial port is then routed to a file. So when you run the Vagrant VM, you get a log file in the same directory with the console output. This is nice if your VM dies suddenly; I intend to steal this trick to use with other Vagrant boxes.

Third, because it's a generic cloud image, the VirtualBox Guest Additions are not installed. This is something of a hassle for me because I really like getting files out of the VM by copying them to /vagrant. Of course, for getting files into the VM, Ansible works just fine. Fortunately, since we have SSH, it's possible to use SCP to the host to get files out (assuming you're on an OS with an SSH server). When running a VirtualBox VM, the host is generally visible to the VM on 10.0.2.2.

Python

We are going to provision our Vagrant boxes with Ansible. Ansible has the advantage that it doesn't require much in the way of installation or setup on the target system, as Ansible itself runs locally, connects to the target over SSH, and then performs the commands over that connection. However, many Ansible commands are performed using Python on the remote system.

Unlike previous versions of Ubuntu, the Xenial Vagrant box does not come with any kind of Python installed. So we need a way to bootstrap Python onto the target system before the Ansible provisioner can run. It has to be Python 2 because Ansible hasn't yet switched over to Python 3.

The best way to do this is with a shell provisioner:

config.vm.provision "shell",
    inline: "sudo apt-get -y install python",
    env: {
        http_proxy: proxy,
        https_proxy: proxys
    }

The "env" is a trick I use with Vagrant VMs to make it easier to operate inside and outside of a corporate network with an HTTP proxy. The variables are pulled from the host environment as follows:

proxy = ENV['http_proxy'] || ""
proxys = ENV['https_proxy'] || ""

They are then used in provisioner steps.

While we're covering things missing from the cloud image, it's worth mentioning that aptitude is no longer part of the installed cloud image. It is needed for Ansible's apt module to be able to perform upgrades (with upgrade=yes), so we need to add to the top of our playbook.yml:

- name: install apt requirements
  apt: name=aptitude state=present

Naming

The next issue cropped up when I created my second Vagrant VM using the same Xenial Vagrant box. It turns out that the Xenial box explicitly sets the name of the VM inside VirtualBox. You can see this by looking at the Vagrantfile of the box itself:

$HOME/.vagrant.d/boxes/ubuntu-VAGRANTSLASH-xenial64/<version>/virtualbox/Vagrantfile:

    config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.name = "ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg"
        ...
     end

This Vagrantfile represents the base configuration for this box; the configuration commands in the Vagrantfile we use for vagrant up are really just overrides.

I can only guess this explicit naming was done to match a VM spun up by downloading the cloud image outside of Vagrant. Unfortunately, this breaks Vagrant's usual method of generating a name using the name of the directory, the name of the virtual machine (if multiple VMs are defined in the Vagrantfile), and a timestamp.

As a result, when the second box comes up, it tries to use the same name as the first box, and you get this error message:

A VirtualBox machine with the name 'ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg' already exists.

We could edit the box's Vagrantfile to remove this line, but I don't like this approach as anyone cloning the repo would have to do that, and it wouldn't survive a vagrant box update. So instead I override the box name in my Vagrantfile:

config.vm.define "server1" do |host|
    ...
    host.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
        vb.name = "server1"
    end
end

Groups

This gets us to the place where we can perform a normal vagrant up and start provisioning using Ansible. Since we're declaring multiple VMs with this Vagrantfile, and we want different things to be installed on each one, we need to have different plays in the playbook.yml that apply to different hosts. Vagrant will pass through to Ansible the name of the VM it's provisioning, so we can use those names in the playbook. However, since we're not reading a separate inventory file, we need a different way to configure groups.

The Vagrant Ansible provisioner provides that:

ansible.groups = {
    "server" => ["server1", "server2"]
}

This way, we can say hosts: server in the playbook.yml and it will install on both server VMs.

Variables

When provisioning a Vagrant box with Ansible, we can create a group_vars directory in the same place as the playbook.yml and populate it with files defining variables for all hosts or for groups or individual hosts. However, we can also define variables directly in the Vagrantfile. This is what I use for the HTTP proxy settings because it makes it easier to import environment variables from the host. But it's also useful for other variables because then we can use them in the Vagrantfile as well.

The key insight is that a Vagrantfile is executed as normal Ruby. So we can do something like declare a hash:

hosts = {
    "server1" => "192.168.199.2",
    "server2" => "192.168.199.3",
    "server" => "192.168.199.10",
    "client" => "192.168.199.101"
}

We can then use that hash directly in the Vagrantfile:

config.vm.define "server1" do |host|
    host.vm.hostname = "server1"
    host.vm.network "private_network", ip: hosts["server1"]
    ...
end

And also pass it through to Ansible using ansible.extra_vars:

ansible.extra_vars = {
    ...
    hosts: hosts,
    ...
}

We can then use this variable in the playbook or a template. This saves us from having to repeat the same configuration in two places.

Wrapping Up

With these lessons behind us, we have a virtual lab with three VMs: two servers and a client. We can now use those to delve into VRRP to make sure our configuration behaves the way it should.

You can see the full setup for yourself, and run it on any machine with Vagrant, VirtualBox, and Ansible.