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  4. Every Programmer Should Know These Latency Numbers

Every Programmer Should Know These Latency Numbers

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Howard Lewis Ship user avatar
Howard Lewis Ship
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Jun. 12, 12 · Interview
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This is interesting stuff; Jonas Bonér organized some general some latency data by Peter Norvig as a Gist, and others expanded on it. What's interesting is how, scaling time up by a billion, converts a CPU instruction cycle into approximately one heartbeat, and yields a disk seek time of "a semester in university".

### Latency numbers every programmer should know
    L1 cache reference ......................... 0.5 ns
    Branch mispredict ............................ 5 ns
    L2 cache reference ........................... 7 ns
    Mutex lock/unlock ........................... 25 ns
    Main memory reference ...................... 100 ns
    Compress 1K bytes with Zippy ............. 3,000 ns = 3 µs
    Send 2K bytes over 1 Gbps network ....... 20,000 ns = 20 µs
    SSD random read ........................ 150,000 ns = 150 µs
    Read 1 MB sequentially from memory ..... 250,000 ns = 250 µs
    Round trip within same datacenter ...... 500,000 ns = 0.5 ms
    Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* ..... 1,000,000 ns = 1 ms
    Disk seek ........................... 10,000,000 ns = 10 ms
    Read 1 MB sequentially from disk .... 20,000,000 ns = 20 ms
    Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA .... 150,000,000 ns = 150 ms

Assuming ~1GB/sec SSD

![Visual representation of latencies](http://i.imgur.com/k0t1e.png)

Visual chart provided by [ayshen](https://gist.github.com/ayshen)

Data by [Jeff Dean](http://research.google.com/people/jeff/)

Originally by [Peter Norvig](http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers)

Lets multiply all these durations by a billion:

Magnitudes:

### Minute:
    L1 cache reference 0.5 s One heart beat (0.5 s)
    Branch mispredict 5 s Yawn
    L2 cache reference 7 s Long yawn
    Mutex lock/unlock 25 s Making a coffee

### Hour:
    Main memory reference 100 s Brushing your teeth
    Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 50 min One episode of a TV show (including ad breaks)

### Day:
    Send 2K bytes over 1 Gbps network 5.5 hr From lunch to end of work day

### Week
    SSD random read 1.7 days A normal weekend
    Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 2.9 days A long weekend
    Round trip within same datacenter 5.8 days A medium vacation
    Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD 11.6 days Waiting for almost 2 weeks for a delivery

### Year
    Disk seek 16.5 weeks A semester in university
    Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 7.8 months Almost producing a new human being
    The above 2 together 1 year

### Decade
    Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 4.8 years Average time it takes to complete a bachelor's degree

 

 

Programmer (hardware) Peter Norvig Scaling (geometry) Gist (computing) JOnAS Data (computing) Heartbeat (computing) Convert (command)

Published at DZone with permission of Howard Lewis Ship, DZone MVB. See the original article here.

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