Rewriting the Apache APISIX Response-Rewrite Plugin in Rust

Learn how to write part of the response-rewrite plugin with Rust.

Nicolas Fränkel

Oct. 05, 22 · Tutorial

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Last week, I described the basics of how to develop and deploy a Rust plugin for Apache APISIX. The plugin just logged a message when it received the request. Today, I want to leverage what we learned to create something more valuable: write part of the response-rewrite plugin with Rust.

Adding a Hard-Coded Header

Let's start small and add a hard-coded response header. Last week, we used the on_http_request_headers() function. The proxy_wasm specification defines several function hooks for each step in a request-response lifecycle:

fn on_http_request_headers()
fn on_http_request_body()
fn on_http_request_trailers()
fn on_http_response_headers()
fn on_http_response_body()
fn on_http_response_trailers()

It looks like we need to implement on_http_response_headers():

    Rust
   
 

   impl Context for HttpCall {}
 
impl HttpContext for HttpCall {
    fn on_http_response_headers(&mut self, _num_headers: usize, end_of_stream: bool) -> Action {
        warn!("on_http_response_headers");
        if end_of_stream {                                      // 1
            self.add_http_response_header("Hello", "World");    // 2
        }
        Action::Continue                                        // 3
    }
}
  

If we reached the end of the stream...
...add the header
Continue the rest of the lifecycle

Making the Plugin Configurable

Adding hard-coded headers is fun but not helpful. The response-rewrite plugin allows configuring the headers to add and their value.

Imagine that we want to add the following headers in the configuration:

    YAML
   
 

   routes:
  - uri: /*
    upstream:
      type: roundrobin
      nodes:
        "httpbin.org:80": 1
    plugins:
      sample:
       conf: |                       # 1
         {
           "headers": {
             "add": {                # 2
               "Hello": "World",
               "Foo": "Bar"
             }
           }
         }
#END
  

Plugin configuration
Headers to add. The Lua plugin also allows setting headers. In the following, we'll focus on add, while the GitHub repo shows both add and set.

The configuration is in JSON format, so we need additional dependencies:

    TOML
   
   [dependencies]
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
serde_derive = { version = "1.0", default-features = false }
serde_json = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] }

The idea is to:

Read the configuration when APISIX creates the root context
Pass it along each time APISIX creates the HTTP context

The Config object is pretty straightforward:

    Rust
   
 

   use serde_json::{Map, Value};
use serde::Deserialize;

#[derive(Deserialize, Clone)]        // 1-2
struct Config {
    headers: Headers,                // 3
}

#[derive(Deserialize, Clone)]        // 1-2
struct Headers {
    add: Option<Map<String, Value>>, // 4
    set: Option<Map<String, Value>>, // 4
}

struct HttpCall {
    config: Config,
}
  

Deserialize allows reading the string into a JSON structure
Clone allows passing the structure from the root context to the HTTP context
Standard JSON structure
Option manages the case when the user didn't use the attribute

We need to read the configuration when APISIX creates the root context - it happens once. For this, we need to use the RootContext trait and create a structure that implements it:

    Rust
   
 

   struct HttpCallRoot {
    config: Config,                                                                   // 1
}

impl Context for HttpCallRoot {}                                                      // 2

impl RootContext for HttpCallRoot {
    fn on_configure(&mut self, _: usize) -> bool {
        if let Some(config_bytes) = self.get_plugin_configuration() {                 // 3
            let result = String::from_utf8(config_bytes)                              // 4
                .map_err(|e| e.utf8_error().to_string())                              // 5
                .and_then(|s| serde_json::from_str(&s).map_err(|e| e.to_string()));   // 6
            return match result {
                Ok(config) => {
                    self.config = config;                                             // 7
                    true
                }
                Err(message) => {
                    error!("An error occurred while reading the configuration file: {}", message);
                    false
                }
            };
        }
        true
    }

    fn create_http_context(&self, _context_id: u32) -> Option<Box<dyn HttpContext>> {
        Some(Box::new(HttpCall {
            config: self.config.clone(),                                              // 8
        }))
    }

    fn get_type(&self) -> Option<ContextType> {
        Some(ContextType::HttpContext)                                                // 9
    }
}
  

Create a structure to store the configuration
Mandatory
Read the plugin configuration in a byte array
Stringify the byte array
Map the error to satisfy the compiler
JSONify the string
If everything has worked out, store the configstruct in the root context
See below
Two types are available, HttpContext and StreamContext. We implemented the former.

We need to make the WASM proxy aware of the root context. Previously, we configured the creation of an HTTP context. We need to replace it with the creation of a root context.

    Rust
   
 

   fn new_root() -> HttpCallRoot {
    HttpCallRoot { config: Config { headers: Headers { add: None, set: None } } }       // 1
}

proxy_wasm::main! {{
    proxy_wasm::set_log_level(LogLevel::Trace);
    proxy_wasm::set_root_context(|_| -> Box<dyn RootContext> { Box::new(new_root()) }); // 2
}}
  

Utility function
Create the root context instead of the HTTP one. The former knows how to create the latter via the create_http_context implementation.

The easiest part is to read the configuration from the HTTP context and write the headers:

    Rust
   
 

   impl HttpContext for HttpCall {
    fn on_http_response_headers(&mut self, _num_headers: usize, end_of_stream: bool) -> Action {
        warn!("on_http_response_headers");
        if end_of_stream {
            if self.config.headers.add.is_some() {                               // 1
                let add_headers = self.config.headers.add.as_ref().unwrap();     // 2
                for (key, value) in add_headers.into_iter() {                    // 3
                    self.add_http_response_header(key, value.as_str().unwrap()); // 4
                }
            }
            if self.config.headers.set.is_some() {
                // Same as above for setting
            }
        }
        Action::Continue
    }
}
  

If the user configured added headers...
... get them
Loop over the key-value pairs
Write them as response headers

Hooking Into Nginx Variables

The response-rewrite plugin knows how to make use of Nginx variables. Let's implement this feature.

The idea is to check whether a value starting with $ is an Nginx variable: if it exists, return its value; otherwise, return the variable name as if it was a standard configuration value.

Note that it's a simplification; one can also wrap an Nginx variable in curly braces. But it's good enough for this blog post.

    Rust
   
 

   fn get_nginx_variable_if_possible(ctx: &HttpCall, value: &Value) -> String {
    let value = value.as_str().unwrap();
    if value.starts_with('$') {                                        // 1
        let option = ctx.get_property(vec![&value[1..value.len()]])    // 2
            .and_then(|bytes| String::from_utf8(bytes).ok());
        return if let Some(nginx_value) = option {
            nginx_value                                                // 3
        } else {
            value.to_string()                                          // 4
        }
    }
    value.to_string()                                                  // 5
}
  

If the value is potentially an Nginx variable
Try to get the property value (without the trailing $)
Found the value, return it
Didn't find the value, return the variable
It was not a property, to begin with; return the variable

We can then try to get the variable before writing the header:

    Rust
   
   for (key, value) in add_headers.into_iter() {
    let value = get_nginx_variable_if_possible(self, value);
    self.add_http_response_header(key, &value);
}

Rewriting the Body

Another feature of the original response-rewrite plugin is to change the body. To be clear, it doesn't work at the moment. If you're interested, what's the reason, please read further.

Let's update the Config object to add a body section:

    Rust
   
 

   #[derive(Deserialize, Clone)]
struct Config {
    headers: Headers,
    body: String,
}
  

The documentation states that to rewrite the body, we need to let Nginx know during the headers phase:

    Rust
   
 

   impl HttpContext for HttpCall {
    fn on_http_response_headers(&mut self, _num_headers: usize, end_of_stream: bool) -> Action {
        warn!("on_http_response_headers");
            // Add headers as above
            let body = &self.config.body;
            if !body.is_empty() {
                warn!("Rewrite body is configured, letting Nginx know about it");
                self.set_property(vec!["wasm_process_resp_body"], Some("true".as_bytes()));   // 1
                warn!("Rewrite body is configured, resetting Content-Length");
                self.set_http_response_header("Content-Length", None)                         // 2
            }
        }
        Action::Continue
    }
}
  

Ping Nginx, and we will rewrite the body
Reset the Content-Length as it won't be possible later on

Now, we can rewrite it:

    Rust
   
 

   impl HttpContext for HttpCall {
    fn on_http_response_body(&mut self, _body_size: usize, end_of_stream: bool) -> Action {
        warn!("on_http_response_body");
        let body = &self.config.body;
        if !body.is_empty() {
            if end_of_stream {
                warn!("Rewrite body is configured, rewriting {}", body);
                let body = self.config.body.as_bytes();
                self.set_http_response_body(0, body.len(),body);
            } else {
                return Action::Pause;
            }
        }
        Action::Continue
    }
}
  

If we try to curl localhost:9080, Apache APISIX's log shows the following:

    Shell
   
   rust-wasm-plugin-apisix-1  | 2022/09/29 08:29:50 [emerg] 44#44: *57096 panicked at 'unexpected status: 12', /usr/local/cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/proxy-wasm-0.2.0/src/hostcalls.rs:135:23 while sending to client, client: 172.25.0.1, server: _, request: "GET / HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://44.207.168.240:80/", host: "localhost:9080"

The reason is that the WASM Nginx module doesn't implement the proxy-wasm feature to rewrite the body at the moment.

Status 12 comes from the proxy_wasm_types.h:

    C
   
   typedef enum {
    PROXY_RESULT_UNIMPLEMENTED = 12,
} proxy_result_t;

Conclusion

In this post, we went beyond a dummy plugin to duplicate some of the features of the response-rewrite plugin. By writing the plugin in Rust, we can leverage its compile-time security to avoid most errors at runtime. Note that some of the proxy-wasm features are not implemented at the moment: be careful before diving head first.

The source code is available on GitHub.

To go further:

Rewrite (programming) Rust (programming language)

Published at DZone with permission of Nicolas Fränkel. See the original article here.

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