9 Software Security Design Principles
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Join For FreeThe term security has many meanings based on the context and perspective in which it is used. Security from the perspective of software/system development is the continuous process of maintaining confidentiality, integrity, and availability of a system, sub-system, and system data. This definition at a very high level can be restated as the following: Computer security is a continuous process dealing with confidentiality, integrity, and availability on multiple layers of a system.
Key Aspects of Software Security
- Integrity
- Confidentiality
- Availability
Integrity within a system is the concept of ensuring only authorized users can only manipulate information through authorized methods and procedures. An example of this can be seen in a simple lead management application. If the business decided to allow each sales member to only update their own leads in the system and sales managers can update all leads in the system then an integrity violation would occur if a sales member attempted to update someone else’s leads. An integrity violation occurs when a team member attempts to update someone else’s lead because it was not entered by the sales member. This violates the business rule that leads can only be update by the originating sales member.
Confidentiality within a system is the concept of preventing unauthorized access to specific information or tools. In a perfect world the knowledge of the existence of confidential information/tools would be unknown to all those who do not have access. When this this concept is applied within the context of an application only the authorized information/tools will be available. If we look at the sales lead management system again, leads can only be updated by originating sales members. If we look at this rule then we can say that all sales leads are confidential between the system and the sales person who entered the lead in to the system. The other sales team members would not need to know about the leads let alone need to access it.
Availability within a system is the concept of authorized users being able to access the system. A real world example can be seen again from the lead management system. If that system was hosted on a web server then IP restriction can be put in place to limit access to the system based on the requesting IP address. If in this example all of the sales members where accessing the system from the 192.168.1.23 IP address then removing access from all other IPs would be need to ensure that improper access to the system is prevented while approved users can access the system from an authorized location. In essence if the requesting user is not coming from an authorized IP address then the system will appear unavailable to them. This is one way of controlling where a system is accessed.
Through the years several design principles have been identified as being beneficial when integrating security aspects into a system. These principles in various combinations allow for a system to achieve the previously defined aspects of security based on generic architectural models.
Security Design Principles
- Least Privilege
- Fail-Safe Defaults
- Economy of Mechanism
- Complete Mediation
- Open Design
- Separation Privilege
- Least Common Mechanism
- Psychological Acceptability
- Defense in Depth
Least Privilege Design Principle
The Least
Privilege design principle requires a minimalistic approach to granting
user access rights to specific information and tools. Additionally,
access rights should be time based as to limit resources access bound to
the time needed to complete necessary tasks. The implications of
granting access beyond this scope will allow for unnecessary access and
the potential for data to be updated out of the approved context. The
assigning of access rights will limit system damaging attacks from users
whether they are intentional or not.
This principle attempts to
limit data changes and prevents potential damage from occurring by
accident or error by reducing the amount of potential interactions with a
resource.
Fail-Safe Defaults Design Principle
The Fail-Safe
Defaults design principle pertains to allowing access to resources
based on granted access over access exclusion. This principle is a
methodology for allowing resources to be accessed only if explicit
access is granted to a user. By default users do not have access to any
resources until access has been granted. This approach prevents
unauthorized users from gaining access to resource until access is
given.
Economy of Mechanism Design Principle
The Economy
of mechanism design principle requires that systems should be designed
as simple and small as possible. Design and implementation errors result
in unauthorized access to resources that would not be noticed during
normal use.
Complete Mediation Design Principle
The Complete Mediation design principle states that every access to every resource must be validated for authorization.
Open Design Design Principle
The Open Design
Design Principle is a concept that the security of a system and its
algorithms should not be dependent on secrecy of its design or
implementation
Separation Privilege Design Principle
The
separation privilege design principle requires that all resource
approved resource access attempts be granted based on more than a single
condition. For example a user should be validated for active status and
has access to the specific resource.
Least Common Mechanism Design Principle
The Least Common Mechanism design principle declares that mechanisms used to access resources should not be shared.
Psychological Acceptability Design Principle
The
Psychological Acceptability design principle refers to security
mechanisms not make resources more difficult to access than if the
security mechanisms were not present
Defense in Depth Design Principle
The Defense in
Depth design principle is a concept of layering resource access
authorization verification in a system reduces the chance of a
successful attack. This layered approach to resource authorization
requires unauthorized users to circumvent each authorization attempt to
gain access to a resource.
When designing a system that requires meeting a security quality attribute architects need consider the scope of security needs and the minimum required security qualities. Not every system will need to use all of the basic security design principles but will use one or more in combination based on a company’s and architect’s threshold for system security because the existence of security in an application adds an additional layer to the overall system and can affect performance. That is why the definition of minimum security acceptably is need when a system is design because this quality attributes needs to be factored in with the other system quality attributes so that the system in question adheres to all qualities based on the priorities of the qualities.
Resources:
- Barnum, Sean. Gegick, Michael. (2005). Least Privilege. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/principles/351-BSI.html
- Saltzer, Jerry. (2011). BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION PROTECTION. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from http://web.mit.edu/Saltzer/www/publications/protection/Basic.html
- Barnum, Sean. Gegick, Michael. (2005). Defense in Depth. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from https://buildsecurityin.us-cert.gov/bsi/articles/knowledge/principles/347-BSI.html
- Bertino, Elisa. (2005). Design Principles for Security. Retrieved on August 28, 2011 from http://homes.cerias.purdue.edu/~bhargav/cs526/security-9.pdf
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