Kotlin Tutorial: Implementing Multiple Interfaces Through Delegation

In Kotlin, a class can implement multiple interfaces. This is common knowledge. A class can also use delegation to implement numerous interfaces where the implementations come from any delegated objects passed into the constructor.

You may also like: Scala Vs. Kotlin: Multiple Inheritance and the Diamond Problem

For example:

class GeneticExperiment(human: Human, animal: Animal) : Human by human, Animal by animal

interface Human {
  fun eat()
  fun sleep()
  fun poop()
}

interface Animal {
  fun bite()
}

This weird class inherits functionality from both the Human and Animal  objects passed into the constructor. Without delegation, any functions on either of the interfaces will need to be written out manually within the class.

An important point to note is the fact that Human  and Animal do not share a common parent interface.

If you do have interfaces that extend from a common interface, then there will be compilation errors due to conflicting implementations from the delegated objects.

For example, the code:

class ShapeShifter(human: Human, weightLifter: WeightLifter) : Human by human, WeightLifter by weightLifter

interface Human {
  fun eat()
  fun sleep()
  fun poop()
}

interface WeightLifter : Human {
  fun liftHeavyStuff()
  fun pose()
}

Leads to the errors:

Delegation.kt:80:1: error: class 'ShapeShifter' must override public open fun eat(): 
Unit defined in dev.lankydan.ShapeShifter because it inherits many implementations of it
class ShapeShifter(human: Human, weightLifter: WeightLifter) : Human by human, WeightLifter by weightLifter
^
Delegation.kt:80:1: error: class 'ShapeShifter' must override public open fun sleep(): 
Unit defined in dev.lankydan.ShapeShifter because it inherits many implementations of it
class ShapeShifter(human: Human, weightLifter: WeightLifter) : Human by human, WeightLifter by weightLifter
^
Delegation.kt:80:1: error: class 'ShapeShifter' must override public open fun poop(): 
Unit defined in dev.lankydan.ShapeShifter because it inherits many implementations of it
class ShapeShifter(human: Human, weightLifter: WeightLifter) : Human by human, WeightLifter by weightLifter
^

As you can see in the errors, the ShapeShifter  class does not know which delegated implementation to take. The compilation errors must be resolved by explicitly overriding the conflicting functions. By overriding the functions, you can decide which delegated implementation you wish to use, or you can provide a new one altogether. A fixed version of this class could look like:

class ShapeShifter(
  private val human: Human,
  private val weightLifter: WeightLifter
) : Human by human, WeightLifter by weightLifter {

  override fun eat() {
    human.eat()
  }

  override fun sleep() {
    weightLifter.sleep()
  }

  override fun poop() {
    println("��")
  }
}

interface Human {
  fun eat()
  fun sleep()
  fun poop()
}

interface WeightLifter : Human {
  fun liftHeavyStuff()
  fun pose()
}

Only the functions declared in the Human interface need to manually overridden

Taking a slight step back from here. A class that implements a child interface and delegates its functionality to the child’s parent interface will compile as long as all of the child’s functions are implemented. Wording that was difficult. An example should help clarify what I am trying to say:

class ShapeShifter(copied: Human) : WeightLifter, Human by copied {

  override fun liftHeavyStuff() {
    println("��️♂️")
  }

  override fun pose() {
    println("��")
  }
}

interface Human {
  fun eat()
  fun sleep()
  fun poop()
}

interface WeightLifter : Human {
  fun liftHeavyStuff()
  fun pose()
}

Only the functions declared in the WeightLifter  interface need to be added manually

To summarize:

• A class can implement multiple interfaces and delegate its functionality to one or more objects
• A class with multiple interfaces that extend a common parent can delegate each interfaces’ implementation but must override functions defined in the parent
• A class that implements a child interface can delegate to its parent and only needs to add functions defined in the child.

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Further Reading

Class Delegation in Kotlin

Scala Vs. Kotlin: Multiple Inheritance and the Diamond Problem