Intro to Design Patterns: Factory Method Pattern

Intent

Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory Method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses. - Gof

Type

Class Creational

Solution

The Factory Method Pattern is a well known Creational Pattern that creates an abstraction through which one of several classes is returned. The pattern enables us to encapsulate the instantiation of concrete types. The pattern is classified as a Class Creational Pattern which means the pattern makes use of inheritance to decide what object to instantiate.

The Factory Method Pattern consists of a Product, ConcreteProduct, Creator, ConcreteCreator and Client.

• The Product defines the type or interface for the concrete objects that are created by the Factory Method.
• The ConcreteProduct provides the implementation of the different Product types created by the Factory Method. The ConcreteProduct is instantiated by the factory method of the different ConcreteCreator objects.
• The Creator class specify the creator method or factory method that returns objects of type Product.
• The ConcreteCreator provides the concrete factory methods. These methods override the factory method in the Creator class to return the ConcreteProduct instance.
• The Client object is decoupled from the ConcreteProduct objects, but uses the factory method to return the appropriate ConcreteProduct through the Product type.

The pattern makes use of polymorphism to decouple the client from the class created by the Factory Method. The Factory Method returns an instance of a class (ConcreteProduct) that is defined through an interface or abstract parent (Product) class. The method where the class is created returns the object through its interface or abstract parent class, so that the client is decoupled from the actual ConcreteProduct class. All the returned classes through the factory methods have the same type (interface) or abstract parent class.

Structure

Java Sample Code

Download : Bank Account System

The following example will illustrates the use of the Factory Method pattern. The Bank Account System example illustrates the creation of different bank accounts for different banks. The first diagram illustrates the different bank account types that are available.

Product & ConcreteProducts

The Bank Account System contains an abstract type for all the bank accounts available called the BacnkAccountProduct. The other classes are ConcreteProduct classes that is created by the Factory Method, depending on the type and the ConcreteCreator class.

Creator & ConcreteCreator

The BankAccountCreator or Creator class defines the factory method as abstract so that the implementation is delegated to the subclasses. The factory method is defined as follows:

This factory method is then implemented in all the different subclasses of the BankAccountCreator class. Each different ConcreteCreator knows how to instantiate the different ConcreteProduct classes.

Factory Method Class Diagram

The class diagram below show the dependencies between the different classes as used in the Bank Account System example.

The BankSystemClient class has a gets a reference to an object of type BankAccountProduct. The client does not know what the implementing class is, but rather works through the abstract BankAccountProduct class.

Sequence Diagram

Sequence Diagram by "Yanic Inghelbrecht" with Trace Modeler

References

• Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison Wesley, 1995