Even in languages where there are no constructs but classes, there is no constraint that can force a programmer into writing object-oriented code. In many cases, just wrapping a series of functions into classes do not result in the design. The Convert Procedural Design to Objects has great benefits, but it reaches a very large scale (potentially the whole application). What does object-oriented mean? In 2011, there is no reason to write procedural code anymore in a web application: all libraries and frameworks worth inclusion are object-oriented, even a part of the PHP code (SPL but most importantly PDO, and even DateTime). All other successful languages in the web space are either object-oriented, functional, or both. Software design literature is based on objects and their patterns. However, using class and extends keywords does not suffice to produce an object-oriented design; entire books are written on this topic. This refactoring tries to solve a common case of procedural design shoehorned into an object model: classes containing behavior, and depending on many other ones. dumb classes only being a container for data, or worse primitive types with no methods at all. It is common in procedural design to segregate responsibilities in this procedure/record pattern, but high level methods can be added on these dumb classes to encapsulate a bit of the data they are containing, and simplify the procedural classes using them. It is just a starting point towards "object-orientation", but often an overlooked one. The Tell Don't Ask principle summarizes what we would like to do in very few words: Procedural code gets information then makes decisions. Object-oriented code tells objects to do things. -- Alec Sharp Instead of an infinite series of calls from a procedure to getters and setters, we want to pass messages even to the lower level objects. Steps A preliminary step is to turn primitive data structures into a data object wrapping them and providing getters. If you see variables like arrays or strings passed around in the code to refactor, this step is necessary to provide a class to accomodate potential new methods. Inline the procedural code into a single class. This step makes us able to extract code along different lines than the original ones in the rest of the refactoring: for example, procedural code is often divided in temporal steps, while objects may segregate different parts of the available data instead. Extract methods on the procedural class. See the next steps for hints on what to extract. Methods that have one of the dumb objects as argument can be moved on the object itself, by eliminating it as a parameter but maintaining the remaining ones. Move Method should free the original giant class from any unrelated responsibilities. The goal is to remove logic from the procedural class as much as possibile, going into an opposite direction with regard to the original design; Fowler notes that in some cases the procedural class totally disappears. Example One of my popular examples is invoice calculation: the computation of fields like total price and due taxes from a series of information. In this procedural design, we have one invoice and a bunch of rows modelled with Primitive Obsession (as arrays). assertEquals(4640, $invoice->total()); } } class Invoice { private $rows; public function __construct($rows) { $this->rows = $rows; } public function total() { $total = 0; foreach ($this->rows as $row) { $rowTotal = $row[0] + $row[0] * $row[1] / 100; $total += $rowTotal; } return $total; } } We introduce the Row class, but the design is now worse: it adds a bunch of lines of code (the new class) without the new entity giving us something in return. The Row object has no responsibilities, and we just have to write getters and sometimes setters. At least we're writing down parts of our model for documentation (giving names to the net price and tax rate numbers), but we aren't sure this model is the most versatile one. assertEquals(4640, $invoice->total()); } } class Invoice { private $rows; public function __construct($rows) { $this->rows = $rows; } public function total() { $total = 0; foreach ($this->rows as $row) { $rowTotal = $row->getNetPrice() + $row->getTaxRate() * $row->getNetPrice() / 100; $total += $rowTotal; } return $total; } } class Row { public function __construct($netPrice, $taxRate) { $this->netPrice = $netPrice; $this->taxRate = $taxRate; } public function getNetPrice() { return $this->netPrice; } public function getTaxRate() { return $this->taxRate; } } For the scope of this small example all business logic is already in a single class, thus we don't have to inline anything. Let's extract a first method instead: class Invoice { private $rows; public function __construct($rows) { $this->rows = $rows; } public function total() { $total = 0; foreach ($this->rows as $row) { $total += $this->rowTotal($row); } return $total; } public function rowTotal($row) { return $row->getNetPrice() + $row->getTaxRate() * $row->getNetPrice() / 100; } } That was a small enough step. In a real situation, the extracted code may be 100-line long, so we would want to test the extraction has been successful before doing anything else. In fact, since the test still passes, we can notice this method has a Row object in its arguments, so it can be moved on Row now that its logic has been clearly isolated: $this->field references should become additional parameters of the method before moving it. Other parameters should just remain formal parameters. Calls to $this->anotherMethod() would be more difficult to treat, as you have the options of moving anothetMethod() in the Row class too, or to extract an interface containing anotherMethod() and pass $this. While moving the code, we change the references to $row to $this, and check that the method scope is public. We also rename the method to total() instead of rowTotal(). { private $rows; public function __construct($rows) { $this->rows = $rows; } public function total() { $total = 0; foreach ($this->rows as $row) { $total += $row->total(); } return $total; } } class Row { public function __construct($netPrice, $taxRate) { $this->netPrice = $netPrice; $this->taxRate = $taxRate; } public function getNetPrice() { return $this->netPrice; } public function getTaxRate() { return $this->taxRate; } public function total() { return $this->getNetPrice() + $this->getTaxRate() * $this->getNetPrice() / 100; } } Finally, we inline the getters, since they're not used from outside the Row class. They will be introduced again in the future in case there is a real need for them: as a rule of thumb we avoid exposing any state from Row that is not necessary. class Row { public function __construct($netPrice, $taxRate) { $this->netPrice = $netPrice; $this->taxRate = $taxRate; } public function total() { return $this->netPrice + $this->taxRate * $this->netPrice / 100; } }

we are entering into the final part of this series, on large scale refactorings : this kind of operations is less predictable and less immediate. however, it is important to be able to perform them with small steps whenever necessary, if we don't want to get stuck in a situation with dozens of broken classes and no clear further step to take. sometimes larger investments are needed to avoid a tangled design: these large scale refactorings use the smaller refactorings as building blocks, but they work at an higher level of abstraction and affect many places in your codebase. why eliminating some inheritance levels? inheritance is easy to abuse , we got it by now. the main problem is its powerful ability to automatically copy and paste code, which leads to use *extends* any time there is duplication instead of any time there is an inexpressed is-a relationship between concepts.. the result is often that you have to jump up and down a hierarchy to follow the thread of execution, disrupting any separation of concerns between subclass and superclass. /the case we want to address today is the combinatorial explosions of concerns where each level of subclassing adds a dimension to the responsibility of the class. consider for example post and link as subclasses of newsfeeditem. at the second level, we may add facebookpost and twitterpost classes, inheriting from post. but also twitterlink and, maybe tomorrow, facebooklink. if we support linkedin, let's think about linkedinpost... the number of classes grow with the square of the elements involved. there are several solutions (like the decorator pattern), but our goal is always the same: keeping a hierarchy as small as possible by allowing a single categorization. when classes of a unique hierarchy can be put in a matrix, they grow with an order of magnitude more than when a single level of inheritance is present. fowler explains how a 3d or 4d matrix is even worse, and require this refactoring to be applied more times to each pair of dimensions. if you have ever seen a pair of withimagefacebookpost and textualfacebookpost classes... steps first, identify the different concerns to separate: all the dimensions you can put the classes on. in our continuing example, we are talking about the socialnetwork categorization and the item one. choose one of the two dimensions to keep in the current hierarchy, while the other will be extracted. perform extract class on the base class of the hierarchy, to introduce a collaborator. this will be the base class of the other hierarchy. introduce subclasses for the extracted object , for each of the original ones that have to be eliminated (so we're talking about only the second categorization.). initialize the current objects with them. move methods onto to the new hierarchy. you may have to extract them first. when subclasses contain only initialization, move the logic in the creation code and eliminate them. this refactoring is a great enabler for further moves: you can extract other collaborators or methods thanks to the reduced complexity of the hierarchies, that can now diverge. you can also simplify testing, by testing at the unit level and for single concerns. example i'll try to keep the logic as small as possible since these examples will use many classes already. in the initial situation, there is a hierarchy with two levels: newsfeeditem defines two abstract methods, the content() and the authorlink(), to use for displaying itself. post and link implements content(), while their subclasses implements authorlink() targeting facebook or twitter respectively. assertequals("enjoy!" . " -- php-cola", $post->__tostring()); } public function testafacebooklinkisdisplayedwithtargetandlinktotheauthor() { $link = new facebooklink("our new ad", "http://youtube.com/...", "php-cola"); $this->assertequals("our new ad" . " -- php-cola", $link->__tostring()); } public function testatwitterlinkisdisplayedwithtargetandlinktotheauthor() { $link = new twitterlink("our new ad", "http://youtube.com/...", "giorgiosironi"); $this->assertequals("our new ad" . " -- @giorgiosironi", $link->__tostring()); } } abstract class newsfeeditem { protected $author; public function __tostring() { return "" . $this->content() . " -- " . $this->authorlink() . ""; } /** * @return string */ protected abstract function content(); /** * @return string */ protected abstract function authorlink(); } abstract class post extends newsfeeditem { private $content; public function __construct($content, $author) { $this->content = $content; $this->author = $author; } protected function content() { return $this->content; } } abstract class link extends newsfeeditem { private $url; private $linktext; public function __construct($linktext, $url, $author) { $this->linktext = $linktext; $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; } protected function content() { return "url\">$this->linktext"; } } class facebookpost extends post { protected function authorlink() { return "author\">$this->author"; } } class twitterlink extends link { protected function authorlink() { return "author\">@$this->author"; } } class facebooklink extends link { protected function authorlink() { return "author\">$this->author"; } } as you can see, the second level introduces some duplicated code that a composition solution will immediately fix. we choose to maintain post and link in the curent hierarchy, since they are also tied to $this->author. the new hierarchy will contain a facebook and a twitter related class. we add the source new base class for the second hierarchy, and a field in newsfeeditem to hold an instance of it: abstract class newsfeeditem { protected $author; protected $source; public function __tostring() { return "" . $this->content() . " -- " . $this->authorlink() . ""; } /** * @return string */ protected abstract function content(); /** * @return string */ protected abstract function authorlink(); } abstract class source { public function __construct($author) { $this->author = $author; } public abstract function authorlink(); } we add the two facebooksource and twittersource subclasses, and we initialize the $source field to the right instance via a init() hook method. a constructor would be equivalent, but right now we would have to delegate to parent::__construct() and that would be noisy. class facebooksource extends source { public function authorlink() { } } class twittersource extends source { public function authorlink() { } } class facebookpost extends post { public function init() { $this->source = new facebooksource($this->author); } protected function authorlink() { return "author\">$this->author"; } } class twitterlink extends link { public function init() { $this->source = new twittersource($this->author); } protected function authorlink() { return "author\">@$this->author"; } } class facebooklink extends link { public function init() { $this->source = new facebooksource($this->author); } protected function authorlink() { return "author\">$this->author"; } } we perform move method two times to move the authorlink() behavior in the collaborator. this means we have to delegate to $this->source in the base class newsfeeditem. abstract class source { public function __construct($author) { $this->author = $author; } public abstract function authorlink(); } class facebooksource extends source { public function authorlink() { return "author\">$this->author"; } } class twittersource extends source { public function authorlink() { return "author\">@$this->author"; } } now he second level subclasses only contain creation code: we can move eliminate them if we move this initialization in the construction phase, which is represented by the tests here. we can substitute $this->author with $this->source: assertequals("enjoy!" . " -- php-cola", $post->__tostring()); } public function testafacebooklinkisdisplayedwithtargetandlinktotheauthor() { $link = new facebooklink("our new ad", "http://youtube.com/...", new facebooksource("php-cola")); $this->assertequals("our new ad" . " -- php-cola", $link->__tostring()); } public function testatwitterlinkisdisplayedwithtargetandlinktotheauthor() { $link = new twitterlink("our new ad", "http://youtube.com/...", new twittersource("giorgiosironi")); $this->assertequals("our new ad" . " -- @giorgiosironi", $link->__tostring()); } } abstract class newsfeeditem { protected $author; protected $source; public function __tostring() { return "" . $this->content() . " -- " . $this->source->authorlink() . ""; } /** * @return string */ protected abstract function content(); } we can now instantiate directly post and link by making them concrete instead of abstract. you may want to bundle this step with the previous one as it intervene on the same code. a consequence is that we can throw away the second level subclasses. class teaseapartinheritance extends phpunit_framework_testcase { public function testafacebookpostisdisplayedwithtextandlinktotheauthor() { $post = new post("enjoy!", new facebooksource("php-cola")); $this->assertequals("enjoy!" . " -- php-cola", $post->__tostring()); } public function testafacebooklinkisdisplayedwithtargetandlinktotheauthor() { $link = new link("our new ad", "http://youtube.com/...", new facebooksource("php-cola")); $this->assertequals("our new ad" . " -- php-cola", $link->__tostring()); } public function testatwitterlinkisdisplayedwithtargetandlinktotheauthor() { $link = new link("our new ad", "http://youtube.com/...", new twittersource("giorgiosironi")); $this->assertequals("our new ad" . " -- @giorgiosironi", $link->__tostring()); } } the final result can be thought of as a bridge pattern, or just good factoring: a further step could be to divide these tests into unit ones, only exercising a newsfeeditem or a source object. but that's a story for another day...

Right now, when I try to persist an object in Google App Engine, I’m facing the error “Java.lang.VerifyError: Expecting a stackmap frame at branch target“. I’m using JDK 7 and it seems like the problem lies with this JDK. After googling a bit, I found that there seems to be two solutions to fix this problem. Solution 1: Change to JDK 6 As simple as is, change your JDK to version 6 and you won’t be bugged by this exception anymore. Well, in my case, I have to use JDK 7. So, moving on to the solution 2. Solution 2: Configure JVM Go to Windows -> Preferences -> Installed JREs. Select the default JVM and click edit. Then add this parameter as VM argument “-XX:-UseSplitVerifier” as seen below. This should solve the issue. From http://veerasundar.com/blog/2012/01/java-lang-verifyerror-expecting-a-stackmap-frame-at-branch-target-jdk-7/

A short definition of an Android Parcel would be that of a message container for lightweight, high-performance Inter-process communication (IPC). On Android, a "process" is a standard Linux one, and one process cannot normally access the memory of another process, so with Parcels, the Android system decomposes objects into primitives that can be marshaled/unmarshaled across process boundaries. But Parcels can also be used within the same process, to pass data across different components of a same application. As an example, a typical Android application has several screens, called "Activities" , and needs to communicate data or action from one Activity to the next. To write an object than can be passed through, we can implement the Parcelable interface. Android itself provides a built-in Parcelable object called an Intent which is used to pass information from one component to another. Using an Intent is pretty straightforward. Let's say we're collecting user data from our initial screen called CollectDataActivity. // inside CollectDataActivity, construct intent to pass along the next Activity, i.e. screen Intent in = new Intent(this, ProcessDataActivity.class); in.putExtra("userid", id); // (key,value) pairs in.putExtra("age", age); in.putExtra("phone", phone); in.putExtra("is_registered", true); // call next Activity --> next screen comes up startActivity(in); We need to collect that information from our data collection screen to process it. So all we do is the following: // inside ProcessDataActivity, get the info needed from previous Activity Intent in = this.getIntent(); in.getLongExtra("userid", 0L); in.getIntExtra("age", 0); in.getStringExtra("phone"); in.getBooleanExtra("is_registered", false); // false = default value overridden by user input Again, pretty straightforward. We retrieve the data using the same keys used to send it, and using our Intent's corresponding methods for each data type. But even when communicating with Intents, we can still use Parcels to pass data within the intent. For instance, we can do the above in a more elegant way using a custom, Parcelable User class: In the first Activity: // in CollectDataActivity, populate the Parcelable User object using its setter methods User usr = new User(); usr.setId(id); // collected from user input// etc.. // pass it to another component Intent in = new Intent(this, ProcessDataActivity.class); in.putExtra("user", usr); startActivity(in); In the second Activity: // in ProcessDataActivity retrieve User Intent intent = getIntent(); User usr = (User) intent.getParcelableExtra("user"); And this is what a Parcelable User class looks like: import android.os.Parcel; import android.os.Parcelable; public class User implements Parcelable { private long id; private int age; private String phone; private boolean registered; // No-arg Ctor public User(){} // all getters and setters go here //... /** Used to give additional hints on how to process the received parcel.*/ @Override public int describeContents() { // ignore for now return 0; } @Override public void writeToParcel(Parcel pc, int flags) { pc.writeLong(id); pc.writeInt(age); pc.writeString(phone); pc.writeInt( registered ? 1 :0 ); } /** Static field used to regenerate object, individually or as arrays */ public static final Parcelable.Creator CREATOR = new Parcelable.Creator() { public User createFromParcel(Parcel pc) { return new User(pc); } public User[] newArray(int size) { return new User[size]; } }; /**Ctor from Parcel, reads back fields IN THE ORDER they were written */ public User(Parcel pc){ id = pc.readLong(); age = pc.readInt(); phone = pc.readString(); registered = ( pc.readInt() == 1 ); } } What we did was: Make our User class implement the Parcelable interface. Parcelable is not a marker interface, hence what follows: Implement its describeContents method, which in this case does nothing. Implement its abstract method writeToParcel, which takes the current state of the object and writes it to a Parcel Add a static field called CREATOR to our class, which is an object implementing the Parcelable.Creator interface Add a Constructor that takes a Parcel as parameter. The CREATOR calls that constructor to rebuild our object. This looks like a lot of extra code at first, but bear in mind that, as in most cases, our application might evolve into incorporating more data from the user... Sometimes we need to pass complex objects from one component to another, and passing an object yields a cleaner design. The same logic applies for communicating between an Activity (foreground UI) and a background Service. We would just call the startService method instead of startActivity and pass it our Parcelable User object. Note that a Service is not running in a separate process by default. At this point, there are a couple of questions that may be raised: Isn't using an IPC-friendly, custom object for in-process communication simply overkill? Why would we want to use Parcelable, when we already have built-in Java serialization? The answer to the first concern is...maybe. But communicating through a custom object than through a list of key-value pairs is more OO, and it has no noticeable negative performance impact. As for the second question, why not simply have User implement Serializable, a theoretically simpler, marker interface? In one word, performance. Using Parcels is more efficient than serializing, at the price of some added complexity. That extra efficiency has in turn its limits: passing an image ( Bitmap) using Parcelable is generally not a good idea (although Bitmap does in fact implement Parcelable). A much more memory-efficient way would be to pass only its URI or Resource ID, so that other Android components in your application can have access to it. Another limitation of Parcelable is that it must not be used for general-purpose serialization to storage, since the underlying implementation may vary with different versions of the Android OS. So yes, Parcels are faster by design, but as high-performance transport, not as a replacement for general-purpose serialization mechanism. Having said all that, since our User object is Parcelable, it can now be sent from this application to another one running in another process, in particular through an interface implementing a remote service. In an upcoming post, we'll look at IPC and Android's Interface Definition Language (AIDL). from Tony's Blog

i want to share something a software developer or operations guy every now and then encounters. and which i did yesterday. it all started with our nightly maven build failing last saturday jan 28 on a java.lang.noclassdeffounderror: javax/xml/bind/validationeventlocator the interesting snippet from the concole output from this build looked like this: [info] [jaxb2:generate {execution: xxx-schema-gen}] [fatal error] org.jvnet.mjiip.v_2.xjc2mojo#execute() caused a linkage error (java.lang.noclassdeffounderror) and may be out-of-date. check the realms: [fatal error] plugin realm = app0.child-container[org.jvnet.jaxb2.maven2:maven-jaxb2-plugin] urls[0] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/org/jvnet/jaxb2/maven2/maven-jaxb2-plugin/0.8.1/maven-jaxb2-plugin-0.8.1.jar urls[1] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/org/jvnet/jaxb2/maven2/maven-jaxb2-plugin-core/0.8.1/maven-jaxb2-plugin-core-0.8.1.jar urls[2] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/com/sun/org/apache/xml/internal/resolver/20050927/resolver-20050927.jar urls[3] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/org/sonatype/plexus/plexus-build-api/0.0.7/plexus-build-api-0.0.7.jar urls[4] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/1.5.15/plexus-utils-1.5.15.jar urls[5] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/org/jfrog/maven/annomojo/maven-plugin-anno/1.3.1/maven-plugin-anno-1.3.1.jar urls[6] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/org/jvnet/jaxb2/maven2/maven-jaxb22-plugin/0.8.1/maven-jaxb22-plugin-0.8.1.jar urls[7] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/com/sun/xml/bind/jaxb-impl/2.2.5-b10/jaxb-impl-2.2.5-b10.jar urls[8] = file:/home/hudson/.m2/repository/com/sun/xml/bind/jaxb-xjc/2.2.5-b10/jaxb-xjc-2.2.5-b10.jar [fatal error] container realm = plexus.core.maven [info] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [error] fatal error [info] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [info] javax/xml/bind/validationeventlocator [info] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [info] trace java.lang.noclassdeffounderror: javax/xml/bind/validationeventlocator at com.sun.tools.xjc.reader.internalizer.domforestscanner.scan(domforestscanner.java:84) it seems that the maven-jaxb2-plugin –we use for jaxb to generate java sources for a certain schema–suddenly triggers a (missing or incompatible?) dependency. the weird thing is the “suddenly” part, since the last commit was done on friday after which the normal continuous builds ran fine and the even the nightly build on midnight friday to saturday. we use maven to take care of these things right? always have a known set of dependencies, each part of the process? ofcourse at the time things didn’t seem so obvious. first thing i wondered, could it have something do to with a java 5 vs 6 problem? as a matter of fact, on our project we’re trying to go to java 6 after a long time, but i’m the only one which already upgraded my local developer machine to work with jdk6 for a while and see if nothing strange happens. you know, keeping a lot of files from your workspace in a special “do not commit” working set or hidden from view, in order to prevent it from prematurely ending up in version control so naturally, i first explored all changesets leading up to the failed build to see if i by accident committed a file i shouldn’t have. but i couldn’t find anything. next i thought: could hudson be configured incorrectly last week by a parting co-worker (which had a somewhat unofficial ownership of our ci infrastructure until he left) which now surfaced, because e.g. a server was restarted or hudson was upgraded? checked a few things out: our hudson startup.sh looked like /usr/java/latest/bin/java -jar hudson.war --httpport=9090 --ajp13port=9091 --deamon --logfile=hudson.log & where /usr/java/latest/bin/java pointed to “java(tm) se runtime environment (build 1.6.0 _24-b07)” while normal “java” on the command-line pointed to “java(tm) 2 runtime environment, standard edition (build 1.5.0 _22-b03)” . could it be that the “latest” directory pointed earlier to java 5 en (by some mysterious upgrade on the server) now suddenly links to java 6. could the java version we start hudson with affect the java version we use for our hudson jobs? i don’t hope so! consequently, i checked the hudson configuration itself: what kind of jdk’s did we configure? luckily, only one: named “1_5_0″ with java_home pointing to “/usr/java/default”. but again not clear from the path to what java version it points, until i figured out this symlink leads to “/usr/java/jdk1.5.0_22″. good, jdk 5 should be used as default for all our maven builds. to verify i added a 2nd bogus jdk entry in the hudson configuration, so i was able to explicitly choose it in the job configuration – and after triggering a new build i was sure hudson was configured correctly jdk-wise. man, how one can digress! so let’s take a look at the offending library at hand. from the stacktrace one can spot the maven-jaxb2-plugin artefact from the group org.jvnet.jaxb2.maven2 . did something happen to this dependency itself? i opened up our nexus console, searched for it and saw the screen below: wait a minute! why do we have two versions of this plugin? in nexus i opened up the tab artefact information on the 0.8.1 version and saw that the uploaded date listed last saturday 28th of jan. i know we shouldn’t have more than one version of this plugin in nexus. did a small check on the jira release notes page of this plugin… well then. so a new release of the plugin was published online last saturday and the nightly build triggered the download of a new version 0.8.1 – which seemed to be compiled against java 6 now which caused the java.lang.noclassdeffounderror . this naturally lead me to the offending part in our pom.xml : org.jvnet.jaxb2.maven2 maven-jaxb2-plugin argh. no version! changed it into: org.jvnet.jaxb2.maven2 maven-jaxb2-plugin 0.8.0 i committed the pom.xml and triggerd a manual build – and… it worked. ofcourse. in conclusion there are some lessons to be learned i think: when debugging a problem, always try to reason about possible paths which come to mind to follow first and don’t get hung on your very first idea which pops up. this got me i think sidetracked too long on finding out whether or not i accidentally committed java 6 files or whether or not hudson got accidentally misconfigured into not using java 5 anymore somehow. troubleshooting skills are highly dependent of previous experience in a field and ofcourse, if ever a similar problem arises i’d be able to recognize it faster now. write it down – so a collegue or yourself can find it back more easily later on. explicity set dependency versions in your pom.xml! don’t blame maven for everything does anyone else have a troubleshooting-tale of going in the wrong direction? original posting: http://tedvinke.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/why-does-my-maven-build-fail

While Kotlin programming language prepares for the public early access program I want to share with you one an example how easly it can be used with existing Java codebases. This short note does not intend to teach the reader how to use Kotlin but only to make him/her intersted to learn. We will create small toy application using Kotlin and the charming Guice framework. The application is nothing more than the usual "Hello, World!" but it contains an application service and logging service and each service will have two incarnations - for testing and for production use. Let us start with an abstract LoggingService. It will be an abstract class with only one abstract method to output the passed string. Most probably the code below does not require much explaination. abstract class LoggingService() { abstract fun info(message: String?) } Now we will define a simple implementation, which prints the given message to the standard output class StdoutLoggingService() : LoggingService(){ override fun info(message: String?) = println("INFO: $message") } override modifier tells the compiler that the method overrides some method of a superclass. Note also string interpolation Now we will create a little more sophisticated implementation, which we will use in production :) class JdkLoggingService [Inject] (protected val jdkLogger: Logger) : LoggingService() { override fun info(message: String?) = jdkLogger.info(message) } [Inject] annotation on constructor tells Guice how to create JdkLoggerService. val on constructor parameter asks to create final property initialized by given value. var asks for non-final one and neither of them define simple constructor parameter Now we are ready to define the abstract application service and both implementations of it for test and production use. abstract class AppService(protected val logger: LoggingService, protected val mode: String) { fun run() { logger.info("Application started in '$mode' mode with ${logger.javaClass.getName()} logger") logger.info("Hello, World!") } } class RealAppService [Inject] (logger: LoggingService) : AppService(logger, "real") class TestAppService [Inject] (logger: LoggingService) : AppService(logger, "test") Note how elegantly Kotlin allows us to define properties and pass values to superconstructor Now we go to more interesting part - creating min-DSL for Guice. But let us start with how we want our application to look like. fun main(args: Array) { fun configureInjections(test: Boolean) = injector { +module { if(test) { bind().toInstance (StdoutLoggingService()) bind().to () } else { bind().to() bind().to () } } } configureInjections(test=false).getInstance ().run() } There are few things to notice here We use local function to configure injections. It is not necessary but allow some nice code grouping. Return type of function configureInjections is inferred from it's body (call to finction injector - root of our DSL which we will define soon) We call configureInjections using named arguments syntax. It is not necessary in our case but very convinient when we have many parameters and some of them are optional. Now it is time to define simple parts of our DSL. It will be three extension functions for some Guice classes. fun Binder.bind() = bind(javaClass()).sure() fun AnnotatedBindingBuilder.to() = to(javaClass()).sure() fun Injector.getInstance() = getInstance(javaClass()) Please read about extension functions in Kotlin documentation Note in variance used in function 'to'. Please read about generics and variance in Kotlin documentation. It is really interesting javaClass() call is Kotlin standard library for Java (remember that Kotlin can be compiled for other platforms like javascript as well) is equivalent to T.class in Java. The huge difference here is that in Kotlin it applicable not only to real classes but also to generic type parameters (thanks to runtime type information). Call to method sure() is Kotlin way (soon to be replaced by special language construct) to ensure non-nullability. As Java has not notation of nullable and non-nullable types we need to take some care on integration point. Please read amazing story of null-safety in Kotlin documentation. Finally we are ready to most complex part - definition of method injector. fun injector(config: ModuleCollector.() -> Any?) : Injector { val collector = ModuleCollector() collector.config() return Guice.createInjector(collector.collected).sure() } It has one parameter of type ModuleCollector.()->Any? which means "extension function for ModuleCollector(we will define ModuleCollector few lines below), which does not accept any parameters and returns value of any type potentially nullable" The implementation is very straight-forward we create ModuleCollector we use it as receiver to call given configuration function we ask Guice to create Injector for all modules configured (consult Guice documentation for details) This is extremely powerful method of defining DSLs in Kotlin As we saw above we call method injector with function block expression. The fact that parameter is extension function makes all (modulo visibility rules) methods of ModuleCollector available inside function block. The last part of our DSL is definition of ModuleCollector. It contains internal list of collected modules and only two methods method module - uses variation of the same extension-function-as-parameter trick - we use extension function to implement method of anonimous class. Please consult Kotlin documentation on object expressions method plus - overrides unary plus operation Please consult Kotlin documentation on operator overloading. It is very important to note that this method is both extension method and member of class ModuleCollector. It allows very good context catching on call site. In our case above we call this method inside extention function with ModuleCollectoror receiver and apply it to Module created by call to method Module. class ModuleCollector() { val collected = ArrayList () fun module (config: Binder.()->Any?) : Module = object: Module { override fun configure(binder: Binder?) { binder.sure().config() } } fun Module.plus() { collected.add(this) } } We are done. I hope that was interesting. This note is a very brief and non-detailed introduction on goodies of Kotlin. If this has motivated you to read more about Kotlin then my goal is achieved. Thank you and till next time!

Another mock recipe, this one for mocking generator methods. A Python generator is a function or method that uses the yield statement to return a series of values when iterated over (there are also generator expressions and more advanced uses of generators, but we aren't concerned about them here. A very good introduction to generators and how powerful they are is: Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers.). A generator method / function is called to return the generator object. It is the generator object that is then iterated over. The protocol method for iteration is __iter__, so we can mock this using a MagicMock. Here's an example class with an "iter" method implemented as a generator: >>> class Foo(object): ... def iter(self): ... for i in [1, 2, 3]: ... yield i ... >>> foo = Foo() >>> list(foo.iter()) [1, 2, 3] How would we mock this class, and in particular its "iter" method? To configure the values returned from the iteration (implicit in the call to list), we need to configure the iterator returned by the call to foo.iter(). >>> values = [1, 2, 3] >>> mock_foo = MagicMock() >>> iterable = mock_foo.iter.return_value >>> iterator = iter(values) >>> iterable.__iter__.return_value = iterator >>> list(mock_foo.iter()) [1, 2, 3] The above example is done step-by-step. The shorter version is: >>> mock_foo = MagicMock() >>> mock_foo.iter.return_value.__iter__.return_value = iter([1, 2, 3]) >>> list(mock_foo.iter()) [1, 2, 3] This is now also in the docs on the mock examples page. There's now quite a collection of useful mock recipes there, so even if you're an experienced mock user it is worth a browse. Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2011_06_11.shtml

Previously, we covered some tips and tricks for the Grid control. In this article, we will go over a few tips and tricks for the wx.ListCtrl widget when it’s in “report” mode. Take a look at the tips below: How to create a simple ListCtrl How to sort the rows of a ListCtrl How to make the ListCtrl cells editable in place Associating objects with ListCtrl rows Alternate the row colors of a ListCtrl How to create a simple ListCtrl The list control is a pretty common widget. In Windows, you will see the list control in Windows Explorer. It has four modes: icon, small icon, list, and report. They roughly match up with icons, tiles, list, and details views in Windows Explorer respectively. We’re going to focus on the ListCtrl in Report mode because that’s the mode that most developers use it in. Here’s a simple example of how to create a list control: import wx ######################################################################## class MyForm(wx.Frame): #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "List Control Tutorial") # Add a panel so it looks the correct on all platforms panel = wx.Panel(self, wx.ID_ANY) self.index = 0 self.list_ctrl = wx.ListCtrl(panel, size=(-1,100), style=wx.LC_REPORT |wx.BORDER_SUNKEN ) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(0, 'Subject') self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(1, 'Due') self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(2, 'Location', width=125) btn = wx.Button(panel, label="Add Line") btn.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON, self.add_line) sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.list_ctrl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.EXPAND, 5) sizer.Add(btn, 0, wx.ALL|wx.CENTER, 5) panel.SetSizer(sizer) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def add_line(self, event): line = "Line %s" % self.index self.list_ctrl.InsertStringItem(self.index, line) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(self.index, 1, "01/19/2010") self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(self.index, 2, "USA") self.index += 1 #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Run the program if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.App(False) frame = MyForm() frame.Show() app.MainLoop() As you can probably tell from the code above, it’s really easy to create a ListCtrl instance. Notice that we set the style to report mode using the wx.LC_REPORT flag. To add column headers, we call the ListCtrl’s InsertColumn method and pass an integer to tell the ListCtrl which column is which and a string for the user’s convenience. Yes, the columns are zero-based, so the first column is number zero, the second column is number one, etc. The next important piece is contained in the button’s event handler, add_line, where we learn how to add rows of data to the ListCtrl. The typical method to use is the InsertStringItem method. If you wanted an image added to each row as well, then you’d use a more complicated method like InsertColumnInfo along with the InsertImageStringItem method. You can see how to use them in the wxPython demo. We’re sticking with the easy stuff in this article. Anyway, when you call InsertStringItem you give it the correct row index and a string. You use the SetStringItem method to set the data for the other columns of the row. Notice that the SetStringItem method requires three parameters: the row index, the column index and a string. Lastly, we increment the row index so we don’t overwrite anything. Now you can get out there and make your own! Let’s continue and find out how to sort rows! How to sort the rows of a ListCtrl The ListCtrl widget has had some extra scripts written for it that add functionality to the widget. These scripts are called mixins. You can read about them here. For this recipe, we’ll be using the ColumnSorterMixin mixin. The code below is a stripped down version of one of the wxPython demo examples. import wx import wx.lib.mixins.listctrl as listmix musicdata = { 0 : ("Bad English", "The Price Of Love", "Rock"), 1 : ("DNA featuring Suzanne Vega", "Tom's Diner", "Rock"), 2 : ("George Michael", "Praying For Time", "Rock"), 3 : ("Gloria Estefan", "Here We Are", "Rock"), 4 : ("Linda Ronstadt", "Don't Know Much", "Rock"), 5 : ("Michael Bolton", "How Am I Supposed To Live Without You", "Blues"), 6 : ("Paul Young", "Oh Girl", "Rock"), } ######################################################################## class TestListCtrl(wx.ListCtrl): #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent, ID=wx.ID_ANY, pos=wx.DefaultPosition, size=wx.DefaultSize, style=0): wx.ListCtrl.__init__(self, parent, ID, pos, size, style) ######################################################################## class TestListCtrlPanel(wx.Panel, listmix.ColumnSorterMixin): #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent): wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent, -1, style=wx.WANTS_CHARS) self.index = 0 self.list_ctrl = TestListCtrl(self, size=(-1,100), style=wx.LC_REPORT |wx.BORDER_SUNKEN |wx.LC_SORT_ASCENDING ) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(0, "Artist") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(1, "Title", wx.LIST_FORMAT_RIGHT) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(2, "Genre") items = musicdata.items() index = 0 for key, data in items: self.list_ctrl.InsertStringItem(index, data[0]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 1, data[1]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 2, data[2]) self.list_ctrl.SetItemData(index, key) index += 1 # Now that the list exists we can init the other base class, # see wx/lib/mixins/listctrl.py self.itemDataMap = musicdata listmix.ColumnSorterMixin.__init__(self, 3) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LIST_COL_CLICK, self.OnColClick, self.list_ctrl) sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.list_ctrl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.EXPAND, 5) self.SetSizer(sizer) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Used by the ColumnSorterMixin, see wx/lib/mixins/listctrl.py def GetListCtrl(self): return self.list_ctrl #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def OnColClick(self, event): print "column clicked" event.Skip() ######################################################################## class MyForm(wx.Frame): #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "List Control Tutorial") # Add a panel so it looks the correct on all platforms panel = TestListCtrlPanel(self) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- # Run the program if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.App(False) frame = MyForm() frame.Show() app.MainLoop() This code is a little on the odd side in that we have inherit the mixin in the wx.Panel based class rather than the wx.ListCtrl class. You can do it either way though as long as you rearrange the code correctly. Anyway, we are going to home in on the key differences between this example and the previous one. The first difference of major importance is in the looping construct where we insert the list control’s data. Here we include the list control’s SetItemData method to include the necessary inner-workings that allow the sorting to take place. As you might have guessed, this method associates the row index with the music data dict’s key. Next we instantiate the ColumnSorterMixin and tell it how many columns there are in the list control. We could have left the EVT_LIST_COL_CLICK binding off this example as it has nothing to do with the actual sorting of the rows, but in the interest of increasing your knowledge, it was left in. All it does is show you how to catch the user’s column click event. The rest of the code is self-explanatory. If you want to know about the requirements for this mixin, especially when you have images in your rows, please see the relevant section in the source (i.e. listctrl.py). Now, wasn’t that easy? Let’s continue our journey and find out how to make the cells editable! How to make the ListCtrl cells editable in place Sometimes, the programmer will want to allow the user to click on a cell and edit it in place. This is kind of a lightweight version of the wx.grid.Grid control. Here’s an example: import wx import wx.lib.mixins.listctrl as listmix ######################################################################## class EditableListCtrl(wx.ListCtrl, listmix.TextEditMixin): ''' TextEditMixin allows any column to be edited. ''' #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent, ID=wx.ID_ANY, pos=wx.DefaultPosition, size=wx.DefaultSize, style=0): """Constructor""" wx.ListCtrl.__init__(self, parent, ID, pos, size, style) listmix.TextEditMixin.__init__(self) ######################################################################## class MyPanel(wx.Panel): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent): """Constructor""" wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent) rows = [("Ford", "Taurus", "1996", "Blue"), ("Nissan", "370Z", "2010", "Green"), ("Porche", "911", "2009", "Red") ] self.list_ctrl = EditableListCtrl(self, style=wx.LC_REPORT) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(0, "Make") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(1, "Model") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(2, "Year") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(3, "Color") index = 0 for row in rows: self.list_ctrl.InsertStringItem(index, row[0]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 1, row[1]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 2, row[2]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 3, row[3]) index += 1 sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.list_ctrl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.EXPAND, 5) self.SetSizer(sizer) ######################################################################## class MyFrame(wx.Frame): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): """Constructor""" wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "Editable List Control") panel = MyPanel(self) self.Show() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.App(False) frame = MyFrame() app.MainLoop() In this script, we put the TextEditMixin in our wx.ListCtrl class instead of our wx.Panel, which is the opposite of the previous example. The mixin itself does all the heavy lifting. Again, you’ll have to check out the mixin’s source to really understand how it works. Associating objects with ListCtrl rows This subject comes up a lot: How do I associate data (i.e. objects) with my ListCtrl’s rows? Well, we’re going to find out exactly how to do that with the following code: import wx ######################################################################## class Car(object): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, make, model, year, color="Blue"): """Constructor""" self.make = make self.model = model self.year = year self.color = color ######################################################################## class MyPanel(wx.Panel): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent): """Constructor""" wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent) rows = [Car("Ford", "Taurus", "1996"), Car("Nissan", "370Z", "2010"), Car("Porche", "911", "2009", "Red") ] self.list_ctrl = wx.ListCtrl(self, size=(-1,100), style=wx.LC_REPORT |wx.BORDER_SUNKEN ) self.list_ctrl.Bind(wx.EVT_LIST_ITEM_SELECTED, self.onItemSelected) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(0, "Make") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(1, "Model") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(2, "Year") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(3, "Color") index = 0 self.myRowDict = {} for row in rows: self.list_ctrl.InsertStringItem(index, row.make) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 1, row.model) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 2, row.year) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 3, row.color) self.myRowDict[index] = row index += 1 sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.list_ctrl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.EXPAND, 5) self.SetSizer(sizer) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def onItemSelected(self, event): """""" currentItem = event.m_itemIndex car = self.myRowDict[currentItem] print car.make print car.model print car.color print car.year ######################################################################## class MyFrame(wx.Frame): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): """Constructor""" wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "List Control Tutorial") panel = MyPanel(self) self.Show() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.App(False) frame = MyFrame() app.MainLoop() The list control widget actually doesn’t have a built-in way to accomplish this feat. If you want that, then you’ll want to check out the ObjectListView widget, which wraps the ListCtrl and gives it a lot more functionality. In the meantime, we’ll take a minute and go over the code above. The first piece is just a plain Car class with four attributes. Then in the MyPanel class, we create a list of Car objects that we’ll use for the ListCtrl’s data. To add the data to the ListCtrl, we use a for loop to iterate over the list. We also associate each row with a Car object using a Python dictionary. We use the row’s index for the key and the dict’s value ends up being the Car object. This allows us to access all the Car/row object’s data later on in the onItemSelected method. Let’s check that out! In onItemSelected, we grab the row’s index with the following little trick: event.m_itemIndex. Then we use that value as the key for our dictionary so that we can gain access to the Car object associated with that row. At this point, we just print out all the Car object’s attributes, but you could do whatever you want here. This basic idea could easily be extended to use a result set from a SqlAlchemy query for the ListCtrl’s data. Hopefully you get the general idea. Now if you were paying close attention, like Robin Dunn (creator of wxPython) was, then you might notice some really silly logic errors in this code. Did you find them? Well, you won’t see it unless you sort the rows, delete a row or insert a row. Do you see it now? Yes, I stupidly based the “unique” key in my dictionary on the row’s position, which will change if any of those events happen. So let’s look at a better example: import wx ######################################################################## class Car(object): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, make, model, year, color="Blue"): """Constructor""" self.id = id(self) self.make = make self.model = model self.year = year self.color = color ######################################################################## class MyPanel(wx.Panel): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent): """Constructor""" wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent) rows = [Car("Ford", "Taurus", "1996"), Car("Nissan", "370Z", "2010"), Car("Porche", "911", "2009", "Red") ] self.list_ctrl = wx.ListCtrl(self, size=(-1,100), style=wx.LC_REPORT |wx.BORDER_SUNKEN ) self.list_ctrl.Bind(wx.EVT_LIST_ITEM_SELECTED, self.onItemSelected) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(0, "Make") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(1, "Model") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(2, "Year") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(3, "Color") index = 0 self.myRowDict = {} for row in rows: self.list_ctrl.InsertStringItem(index, row.make) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 1, row.model) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 2, row.year) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 3, row.color) self.list_ctrl.SetItemData(index, row.id) self.myRowDict[row.id] = row index += 1 sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.list_ctrl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.EXPAND, 5) self.SetSizer(sizer) #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def onItemSelected(self, event): """""" currentItem = event.m_itemIndex car = self.myRowDict[self.list_ctrl.GetItemData(currentItem)] print car.make print car.model print car.color print car.year ######################################################################## class MyFrame(wx.Frame): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): """Constructor""" wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "List Control Tutorial") panel = MyPanel(self) self.Show() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.App(False) frame = MyFrame() app.MainLoop() In this example, we add a new attribute to our Car class that creates a unique id for each instance that is created using Python’s handy id builtin. Then in the loop where we add the data to the list control, we call the widget’s SetItemData method and give it the row index and the car instance’s unique id. Now it doesn’t matter where the row ends up because it’s had the unique id affixed to it. Finally, we have to modify the onItemSelected to get the right object. The magic happens in this code: # this code was helpfully provided by Robin Dunn car = self.myRowDict[self.list_ctrl.GetItemData(currentItem)] Cool, huh? Our last example will cover how to alternate the row colors, so let’s take a look! Alternate the row colors of a ListCtrl As this section’s title suggests, we will look at how to alternate colors of the rows of a ListCtrl. Here’s the code: import wx import wx.lib.mixins.listctrl as listmix ######################################################################## class MyPanel(wx.Panel): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self, parent): """Constructor""" wx.Panel.__init__(self, parent) rows = [("Ford", "Taurus", "1996", "Blue"), ("Nissan", "370Z", "2010", "Green"), ("Porche", "911", "2009", "Red") ] self.list_ctrl = wx.ListCtrl(self, style=wx.LC_REPORT) self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(0, "Make") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(1, "Model") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(2, "Year") self.list_ctrl.InsertColumn(3, "Color") index = 0 for row in rows: self.list_ctrl.InsertStringItem(index, row[0]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 1, row[1]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 2, row[2]) self.list_ctrl.SetStringItem(index, 3, row[3]) if index % 2: self.list_ctrl.SetItemBackgroundColour(index, "white") else: self.list_ctrl.SetItemBackgroundColour(index, "yellow") index += 1 sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) sizer.Add(self.list_ctrl, 0, wx.ALL|wx.EXPAND, 5) self.SetSizer(sizer) ######################################################################## class MyFrame(wx.Frame): """""" #---------------------------------------------------------------------- def __init__(self): """Constructor""" wx.Frame.__init__(self, None, wx.ID_ANY, "List Control w/ Alternate Colors") panel = MyPanel(self) self.Show() #---------------------------------------------------------------------- if __name__ == "__main__": app = wx.App(False) frame = MyFrame() app.MainLoop() The code above will alternate each row’s background color. Thus you should see yellow and white rows. We do this by calling the ListCtrl instance’s SetItemBackgroundColour method. If you were using a virtual list control, then you’d want to override the OnGetItemAttr method. To see an example of the latter method, open up your copy of the wxPython demo; there’s one in there. Wrapping Up We’ve covered a lot of ground here. You should now be able to do a lot more with your wx.ListCtrl than when you started, assuming you’re new to using it, of course. Feel free to ask questions in the comments or suggest future recipes. I hope you found this helpful! Note: All examples were tested on Windows XP with Python 2.5 and wxPython 2.8.10.1. They were also tested on Windows 7 Professional with Python 2.6 Additional Reading The official wxPython wx.ListCtrl documentation The ListControls wiki page ListCtrl Tooltips wiki page The ObjectListView website The UltimateListCtrl, a pure Python implementation now included with wxPython Source Code listctrl.zip listctrl.tar Source: http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2011/01/04/wxpython-wx-listctrl-tips-and-tricks/

The simplest in-memory cache implementation should support Addition of objects into cache either via key-value, or via object creation mechanism Deletion of objects from cache based on key, or object type Querying cache store to check existence of an object There are several ways to achieve this using multiple design patterns. But if we were to implement those design patterns in our applications, we would end up designing a framework similar to Enterprise Library Caching block. So to keep things fairly simple – we need a simple implementation of caching objects in-memory and this cache to be thread-safe for multi-threading applications. So for that, you can just copy this piece of code into your application and you should be all set with an in-memory cache. public static class CacheStore { /// /// In-memory cache dictionary /// private static Dictionary _cache; private static object _sync; /// /// Cache initializer /// static CacheStore() { _cache = new Dictionary(); _sync = new object(); } /// /// Check if an object exists in cache /// /// Type of object /// Name of key in cache /// True, if yes; False, otherwise public static bool Exists(string key) where T : class { Type type = typeof(T); lock (_sync) { return _cache.ContainsKey(type.Name + key); } } /// /// Check if an object exists in cache /// /// Type of object /// True, if yes; False, otherwise public static bool Exists() where T : class { Type type = typeof(T); lock (_sync) { return _cache.ContainsKey(type.Name); } } /// /// Get an object from cache /// /// Type of object /// Object from cache public static T Get() where T : class { Type type = typeof(T); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(type.Name) == false) throw new ApplicationException("An object of the desired type does not exist: " + type.Name); lock (_sync) { return (T)_cache[type.Name]; } } } /// /// Get an object from cache /// /// Type of object /// Name of key in cache /// Object from cache public static T Get(string key) where T : class { Type type = typeof(T); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(key + type.Name) == false) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("An object with key '{0}' does not exists", key)); lock (_sync) { return (T)_cache[key + type.Name]; } } } /// /// Create default instance of the object and add it in cache /// /// Class whose object is to be created /// Object of the class public static T Create(string key, params object[] constructorParameters) where T : class { Type type = typeof(T); T value = (T)Activator.CreateInstance(type, constructorParameters); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(key + type.Name)) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("An object with key '{0}' already exists", key)); lock (_sync) { _cache.Add(key + type.Name, value); } } return value; } /// /// Create default instance of the object and add it in cache /// /// Class whose object is to be created /// Object of the class public static T Create(params object[] constructorParameters) where T : class { Type type = typeof(T); T value = (T)Activator.CreateInstance(type, constructorParameters); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(type.Name)) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("An object of type '{0}' already exists", type.Name)); lock (_sync) { _cache.Add(type.Name, value); } } return value; } public static void Add(string key, T value) { Type type = typeof(T); if (value.GetType() != type) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("The type of value passed to cache {0} does not match the cache type {1} for key {2}", value.GetType().FullName, type.FullName, key)); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(key + type.Name)) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("An object with key '{0}' already exists", key)); lock (_sync) { _cache.Add(key + type.Name, value); } } } /// /// Remove an object type from cache /// /// Type of object public void Remove() { Type type = typeof(T); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(type.Name) == false) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("An object of type '{0}' does not exists in cache", type.Name)); lock (_sync) { _cache.Remove(type.Name); } } } /// /// Remove an object stored with a key from cache /// /// Type of object /// Key of the object public void Remove(string key) { Type type = typeof(T); lock (_sync) { if (_cache.ContainsKey(key + type.Name) == false) throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("An object with key '{0}' does not exists in cache", key)); lock (_sync) { _cache.Remove(key + type.Name); } } } } Every method has 2 overloads With Key as a parameter: This method adds a new key-value in the cache store for a particular object type. This also means that for a particular object (say Employee), you can have multiple cached-objects (say, multiple employees in an organization) Without Key as a parameter – This method adds a new key (type of the object) and value in the cache store. This means, for a particular object type (say ConfigurationSettings) there will single object in the cache (say, configuration value) Implementation example using CacheStore is: MonoAssemblyResolver targetAssembly = null; if (CacheStore.Exists(projMapping.TargetAssemblyPath)) { targetAssembly = CacheStore.Get(projMapping.TargetAssemblyPath); } else { targetAssembly = new MonoAssemblyResolver(projMapping.TargetAssemblyPath); CacheStore.Add(projMapping.TargetAssemblyPath, targetAssembly); } Since this uses plain-C# and is light weight, this can be used in ASP.NET MVC, Silverlight, WPF, or Windows Phone applications. So happy coding! Source: http://www.ganshani.com/2012/01/31/in-memory-cache-implementation-in-c

We all know the Java platform allows us to create reusable objects in memory. However, all of those objects exist only as long as the Java virtual machine remains running. It would be nice if the objects we create could exist beyond the lifetime of the virtual machine. Well, with object serialization, you can flatten your objects and reuse them in powerful ways. Object serialization is the process of saving an object’s state to a sequence of bytes, as well as the process of rebuilding those bytes into a live object at some future time. The Java Serialization API provides a standard mechanism for developers to handle object serialization. The API is small and easy to use, provided the classes and methods are understood. By implementating java.io.Serializable, you get “automatic” serialization capability for objects of your class. No need to implement any other logic, it’ll just work. The Java runtime will use reflection to figure out how to marshal and unmarshal your objects. In earlier version of Java, reflection was very slow, and so serializaing large object graphs (e.g. in client-server RMI applications) was a bit of a performance problem. To handle this situation, the java.io.Externalizable interface was provided, which is like java.io.Serializable but with custom-written mechanisms to perform the marshalling and unmarshalling functions (you need to implement readExternal and writeExternal methods on your class). This gives you the means to get around the reflection performance bottleneck. In recent versions of Java (1.3 onwards, certainly) the performance of reflection is vastly better than it used to be, and so this is much less of a problem. I suspect you’d be hard-pressed to get a meaningful benefit from Externalizable with a modern JVM. Also, the built-in Java serialization mechanism isn’t the only one, you can get third-party replacements, such as JBoss Serialization, which is considerably quicker, and is a drop-in replacement for the default. A big downside of Externalizable is that you have to maintain this logic yourself – if you add, remove or change a field in your class, you have to change your writeExternal/readExternal methods to account for it. In summary, Externalizable is a relic of the Java 1.1 days. There’s really no need for it any more. References http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Programming/serialization http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/io/Serializable.html http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/io/Externalizable.html From http://singztechmusings.in/marshalling-unmarshalling-java-objects-serialization-vs-externalization/

In previous posts I compared JAXB (JSR-222) to Simple and XStream when starting from Java objects. In this post I'll compare JAXB to XMLBeans when starting from an XML schema. I will use XMLBeans 2.5.0 (December 2009) which is the latest release. XML Schema (customer.xsd) Below is the XML schema that will be used to generate our domain models. Generating the Classes XMLBeans Below is the call to generate the XMLBeans classes from our XML schema. For the purposes of this example we will use the -srconly flag to generate only the source. 1 scomp -d out -srconly customer.xsd Below are all the artifacts that are generated by XMLBeans. The XML Schema Binary (XSB) files contain metadata need to perform binding and validation: com/example Address.java CustomerDocument.java PhoneNumber.java com/example/impl AddressImpl.java CustomerDocumentImpl.java PhoneNumberImpl.java schemaorg_apache_xmlbeans element/http_3A_2F_2Fwww_2Eexample_2Ecom customer.xsb javaname/com/example Address.xsb CustomerDocument.xsb PhoneNumber.xsb CustomerDocument Customer.xsb namespace/http_3A_2F_2Fwww_2Eexample_2Ecom xmlns.xsb src customer.xsd system/s16C99350D7D3A2544A7BFD5E35CA8BC8 address6f49type.xsb customer3fdddoctype.xsb customer11d7elemtype.xsb customerelement.xsb index.xsb phonenumber9c83type.xsb TypeSystemHolder.class type/http_3A_2F_2Fwww_2Eexample_2Ecom address.xsb phone_2Dnumber.xsb JAXB Below is the call to generate the JAXB classes from an XML schema: 1 xjc -d out customer.xsd Below are all the artifacts that are generated by JAXB. Note how many fewer artifacts are created: com.example Address.java Customer.java ObjectFactory.java package-info.java PhoneNumber.java Java Model - XMLBeans XMLBeans produces a set of Java interfaces that are backed by implementation classes. Below we will examine one of these pairs. Address This is one of the interfaces that is generated by XMLBeans. There are a few interesting things worth noting: This interface exposes POJO properties (line 24), and a DOM like model (line 29). This interface includes a factory (line 66). This factory is used for creating instances of the Address object (line 68), and for unmarshalling instances of Address from XML (line 75). package com.example; /** * An XML address(@http://www.example.com). * * This is a complex type. */ public interface Address extends org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlObject { public static final org.apache.xmlbeans.SchemaType type = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SchemaType) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.typeSystemForClassLoader(Address.class.getClassLoader(), "schemaorg_apache_xmlbeans.system.s16C99350D7D3A2544A7BFD5E35CA8BC8").resolveHandle("address6f49type"); /** * Gets the "street" element */ java.lang.String getStreet(); /** * Gets (as xml) the "street" element */ org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString xgetStreet(); /** * Sets the "street" element */ void setStreet(java.lang.String street); /** * Sets (as xml) the "street" element */ void xsetStreet(org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString street); /** * Gets the "city" element */ java.lang.String getCity(); /** * Gets (as xml) the "city" element */ org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString xgetCity(); /** * Sets the "city" element */ void setCity(java.lang.String city); /** * Sets (as xml) the "city" element */ void xsetCity(org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString city); /** * A factory class with static methods for creating instances * of this type. */ public static final class Factory { public static com.example.Address newInstance() { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().newInstance( type, null ); } public static com.example.Address newInstance(org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().newInstance( type, options ); } /** @param xmlAsString the string value to parse */ public static com.example.Address parse(java.lang.String xmlAsString) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( xmlAsString, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.lang.String xmlAsString, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( xmlAsString, type, options ); } /** @param file the file from which to load an xml document */ public static com.example.Address parse(java.io.File file) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( file, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.io.File file, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( file, type, options ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.net.URL u) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( u, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.net.URL u, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( u, type, options ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.io.InputStream is) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( is, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.io.InputStream is, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( is, type, options ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.io.Reader r) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( r, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(java.io.Reader r, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, java.io.IOException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( r, type, options ); } public static com.example.Address parse(javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader sr) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( sr, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamReader sr, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( sr, type, options ); } public static com.example.Address parse(org.w3c.dom.Node node) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( node, type, null ); } public static com.example.Address parse(org.w3c.dom.Node node, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( node, type, options ); } /** @deprecated {@link org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream} */ public static com.example.Address parse(org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream xis) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLStreamException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( xis, type, null ); } /** @deprecated {@link org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream} */ public static com.example.Address parse(org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream xis, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLStreamException { return (com.example.Address) org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().parse( xis, type, options ); } /** @deprecated {@link org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream} */ public static org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream newValidatingXMLInputStream(org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream xis) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLStreamException { return org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().newValidatingXMLInputStream( xis, type, null ); } /** @deprecated {@link org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream} */ public static org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream newValidatingXMLInputStream(org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLInputStream xis, org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlOptions options) throws org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlException, org.apache.xmlbeans.xml.stream.XMLStreamException { return org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlBeans.getContextTypeLoader().newValidatingXMLInputStream( xis, type, options ); } private Factory() { } // No instance of this class allowed } } AddressImpl Below is the source for the implementation class: /** * XML Type: address * Namespace: http://www.example.com * Java type: com.example.Address * * Automatically generated - do not modify. */ package com.example.impl; /** * An XML address(@http://www.example.com). * * This is a complex type. */ public class AddressImpl extends org.apache.xmlbeans.impl.values.XmlComplexContentImpl implements com.example.Address { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; public AddressImpl(org.apache.xmlbeans.SchemaType sType) { super(sType); } private static final javax.xml.namespace.QName STREET$0 = new javax.xml.namespace.QName("http://www.example.com", "street"); private static final javax.xml.namespace.QName CITY$2 = new javax.xml.namespace.QName("http://www.example.com", "city"); /** * Gets the "street" element */ public java.lang.String getStreet() { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue)get_store().find_element_user(STREET$0, 0); if (target == null) { return null; } return target.getStringValue(); } } /** * Gets (as xml) the "street" element */ public org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString xgetStreet() { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString)get_store().find_element_user(STREET$0, 0); return target; } } /** * Sets the "street" element */ public void setStreet(java.lang.String street) { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue)get_store().find_element_user(STREET$0, 0); if (target == null) { target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue)get_store().add_element_user(STREET$0); } target.setStringValue(street); } } /** * Sets (as xml) the "street" element */ public void xsetStreet(org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString street) { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString)get_store().find_element_user(STREET$0, 0); if (target == null) { target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString)get_store().add_element_user(STREET$0); } target.set(street); } } /** * Gets the "city" element */ public java.lang.String getCity() { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue)get_store().find_element_user(CITY$2, 0); if (target == null) { return null; } return target.getStringValue(); } } /** * Gets (as xml) the "city" element */ public org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString xgetCity() { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString)get_store().find_element_user(CITY$2, 0); return target; } } /** * Sets the "city" element */ public void setCity(java.lang.String city) { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue)get_store().find_element_user(CITY$2, 0); if (target == null) { target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.SimpleValue)get_store().add_element_user(CITY$2); } target.setStringValue(city); } } /** * Sets (as xml) the "city" element */ public void xsetCity(org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString city) { synchronized (monitor()) { check_orphaned(); org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString target = null; target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString)get_store().find_element_user(CITY$2, 0); if (target == null) { target = (org.apache.xmlbeans.XmlString)get_store().add_element_user(CITY$2); } target.set(city); } } } Java Model - JAXB JAXB implementations produce annotated POJOs. The generated classes closely resemble the ones we created by hand in the comparisons to Simple and XStream. Address // // This file was generated by the JavaTM Architecture for XML Binding(JAXB) Reference Implementation, vJAXB 2.1.10 in JDK 6 // See http://java.sun.com/xml/jaxb // Any modifications to this file will be lost upon recompilation of the source schema. // Generated on: 2012.01.23 at 01:19:09 PM EST // package com.example; import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessType; import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessorType; import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlElement; import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlType; /** * Java class for address complex type. * * The following schema fragment specifies the expected content contained within this class. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */ @XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD) @XmlType(name = "address", propOrder = { "street", "city" }) public class Address { @XmlElement(required = true) protected String street; @XmlElement(required = true) protected String city; /** * Gets the value of the street property. * * @return * possible object is * {@link String } * */ public String getStreet() { return street; } /** * Sets the value of the street property. * * @param value * allowed object is * {@link String } * */ public void setStreet(String value) { this.street = value; } /** * Gets the value of the city property. * * @return * possible object is * {@link String } * */ public String getCity() { return city; } /** * Sets the value of the city property. * * @param value * allowed object is * {@link String } * */ public void setCity(String value) { this.city = value; } } Demo Code In the demo code we will unmarshal an XML file, add a phone number to the resulting customer object, and then marshal the customer back to XML. XMLBeans With XMLBeans the generated domain model is used to unmarshal (line 12) and marshal (line 19). The generated model also contains methods for interacting with collections (line 15), this is necessary as XMLBeans represent collection properties as arrays. package com.example; import java.io.File; import com.example.CustomerDocument.Customer; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { File xml = new File("src/com/example/input.xml"); CustomerDocument customerDocument = CustomerDocument.Factory.parse(xml); Customer customer = customerDocument.getCustomer(); PhoneNumber homePhoneNumber = customer.addNewPhoneNumber(); homePhoneNumber.setType("home"); homePhoneNumber.set("555-HOME"); customerDocument.save(System.out); } } JAXB JAXB separates the marshal/unmarshal calls into the standard runtime APIs (lines 9, 13 and 22). A java.util.List is used for collection properties (line 18). package com.example; import java.io.File; import javax.xml.bind.*; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { JAXBContext jc = JAXBContext.newInstance("com.example"); File xml = new File("src/com/example/input.xml"); Unmarshaller unmarshaller = jc.createUnmarshaller(); Customer customer = (Customer) unmarshaller.unmarshal(xml); PhoneNumber homePhoneNumber = new PhoneNumber(); homePhoneNumber.setType("home"); homePhoneNumber.setValue("555-HOME"); customer.getPhoneNumber().add(homePhoneNumber); Marshaller marshaller = jc.createMarshaller(); marshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, true); marshaller.marshal(customer, System.out); } } Summary Both XMLBeans and JAXB produce Java models that make it easy for developers to interact with XML. The JAXB model however is annotated POJOs which has the following advantages: JPA annotations could easily be applied to the JAXB model enabling the model to be persisted in a relational database. Once generated the JAXB model could be modified to handle changes in the XML schema, the XMLBeans model would need to be regenerated. Starting with Java SE 6 no additional compile/runtime dependencies are required for the JAXB model. There are multiple JAXB implementations available: EclipseLink MOXy, Metro, Apache JaxMe, etc. JAXB is the standard binding layer for JAX-WS (SOAP) and JAX-RS (RESTful) Web Services. From http://blog.bdoughan.com/2012/01/how-does-jaxb-compare-to-xmlbeans.html

Add following javascript function to aspx page function check() { alert("this is check value " + ''); } Add following variable declaration on server side i.e aspx.cs public string checkvalue ="indrnilhafa";

I was looking at the pycon US 2012 website when I stumbled upon the huge list of sponsors, which is really impressive. It got me thinking. Are all of these companies using python? If so, which ones are the best companies to work for? If it was up to you, and location and money wasn't a factor, what company would you work for and why? If you already work at one of these companies, can you share what it is you use python for, and what it is like working there? Here is a list of companies that use Python, in no particular order (most of these are pycon US 2012 sponsors). If I missed a company, please let me know. DropBox Heroku Google surveymonkey nebula nasuni microsoft gondor facebook eventbrite new relic zeomega CashStar.com linode dotcloud ccp games revolution systems canonical bit.ly activestate caktus group disqus leapfrog online spotify snoball evite plaidcloud mozilla lab305 walt disney animation studios white oak technologies aldebaran robotics cloud foundry stratasan myyearbook.com threadless cisco kontagent toast driven accense technology net-ng truveris kelly creative tech aarki freshbooks wisertogether bitbucket eucalyptus fwix imaginary landscape cox media group openstack devsar emma shining panda vocollect bigdoor reddit dreamhost Red hat Quora Yelp mixpanel justin.tv YouTube Digg Urban Airship Rackspace To parcipate in this discussion, check out the Survey.

WADL (Web Application Description Language) is to REST what WSDL is to SOAP. The mere existence of this language causes a lot of controversy (see: Do we need WADL? and To WADL or not to WADL). I can think of few legitimate use cases for using WADL, but if you are here already, you are probably not seeking for yet another discussion. So let us move forward to the WADL itself. In principle WADL is similar to WSDL, but the structure of the language is much different. Whilst WSDL defines a flat list of messages and operations either consuming or producing some of them, WADL emphasizes the hierarchical nature of RESTful web services. In REST, the primary artifact is the resource. Each resource (noun) is represented as an URI. Every resource can define both CRUD operations (verbs, implemented as HTTP methods) and nested resources. The nested resource has a strong relationship with a parent resource, typically representing an ownership. A simple example would be http://example.com/api/books resource representing a list of books. You can (HTTP) GET this resource, meaning to retrieve the whole list. You can also GET the http://example.com/api/books/7 resource, fetching the details of 7th book inside books resource. Or you can even PUT new version or DELETE the resource altogether using the same URI. You are not limited to a single level of nesting: GETting http://example.com/api/books/7/reviews?page=2&size=10 will retrieve the second page (up to 10 items) of reviews of 7th book. Obviously you can also place other resources next to books, like http://example.com/api/readers The requirement arose to formally and precisely describe every available resource, method, request and response, just like WSDL guys were able to do. WADL is one of the options to describe “available URIs", although some believe that well-written REST service should be self-descriptive (see HATEOAS). Nevertheless here is a simple, empty WADL document: Nothing fancy here. Note that the tag defines base API address. All named resources, which we are just about to add, are relative to this address. Also you can define several tags to describe more than one APIs. So, let's add a simple resource: This defines resource under http://example.com/api/books with two methods possible: GET to retrieve the whole list and POST to create (add) new item. Depending on your requirements you might want to allow DELETE method as well (to delete all items), and it is the responsibility of WADL to document what is allowed. Remember our example at the beginning: /books/7? Obviously 7 is just an example and we won't declare every possible book id in WADL. Instead there is a handy placeholder syntax:There are two important aspects you should note: first, The {bookId} place-holder was used in place of nested resource. Secondly, to make it clear, we are documenting this place-holder using tag. We will see soon how it can be used in combination with methods. Just to make sure you are still with me, the document above describes GET /books and GET /books/some_id resources. The web service is getting complex, however it describes quite a lot of operations. First of all GET /books/42/reviews is a valid operation. But the interesting part is the nested tag. As you can see we can describe parameters of each method independently. In our case optional query parameters (as opposed to template parameters used previously for URI place-holders) were defined. This gives the client additional knowledge about acceptable page and size query parameters. This means that /books/7/reviews?page=2&size=10 is a valid resource identifier. And did I mention that every resource, method and parameter can have documentation attached as per the WADL specification? We will stop here and only mention about remaining pieces of WADL. First of all, as you have probably guessed so far, there is also a child tag possible for each . Both request and response can define exact grammar (e.g. in XML Schema) that either the request or the response must follow. The response can also document possible HTTP response codes. But since we will be using the knowledge you have gained so far in a code-first application, I intentionally left the definition. WADL is agile and it allows you to define as little (or as much) information as you need. So we know the basics of WADL, now we would like to use it, maybe as a consumer or as a producer in a Java-based application. Fortunately there is a wadl.xsd XML Schema description of the language itself, which we can use to generate JAXB-annotated POJOs to work with (using xjc tool in the JDK): $ wget http://www.w3.org/Submission/wadl/wadl.xsd $ xjc wadl.xsd And there it... hangs! The life of a software developer is full of challenges and non-trivial problems. And sometimes it is just an annoying network filter that makes suspicious packets (together with half hour of your life) disappear. It is not hard to spot the problem, once you recall that article written around 2008: W3C’s Excessive DTD Traffic: Accessing xml.xsd from the browser returns an HTML page instantly, but xjc tool waits forever. Downloading this file locally and correcting the schemaLocation attribute in wadl.xsd helped. It's always the little things... $ xjc wadl.xsd parsing a schema... compiling a schema... net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Application.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Doc.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Grammars.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/HTTPMethods.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Include.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Link.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Method.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/ObjectFactory.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Option.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Param.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/ParamStyle.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Representation.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Request.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Resource.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/ResourceType.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Resources.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/Response.java net/java/dev/wadl/_2009/_02/package-info.java Since we'll be using these classes in a maven based project (and I hate committing generated classes to source repository), let's move xjc execution to maven lifecycle: org.codehaus.mojo jaxb2-maven-plugin 1.3 net.java.dev.jaxb2-commons jaxb-fluent-api 2.0.1 com.sun.xml jaxb-xjc xjc -Xfluent-api bindings.xjb net.java.dev.wadl Well, pom.xml isn't the most concise format ever... Never mind, this will generate WADL XML classes during every build, before the source code is compiled. I also love the fluent-api plugin that adds with*() methods along with ordinary setters, returning this to allow chaining. Pretty convenient. Finally we define more pleasant package name for generated artifacts (if you find net.java.dev.wadl._2009._02 package name pleasant enough, you can skip this step) and add Wadl prefix to all generated classes bindings.xjb file: We are now ready to produce and consume WADL in XML format using JAXB and POJO classes. Equipped with that knowledge and the foundation we are ready to develop some interesting library – which will be the subject of the next article. From http://nurkiewicz.blogspot.com/2012/01/gentle-introduction-to-wadl-in-java.html

When a subclass violates the Liskov Substitution Principle, or uses only part of a superclass, it is a warning sign that composition can simplify the design. Refactoring to composition transform the superclass into an object of its own, which becomes the collaborator of the class under refactoring. Instead of inheriting every public method, the object will just expose the strictly needed methods. This refactoring is one of the most underused in the PHP world. Don't be afraid to try out composition when you see duplicated code. Why composition? The elimination of duplication through inheritance presents some issues. First, inheritance can be exploited just for code reuse instead of for establishing semantic relationships. Abstract classes with names such as VehicleAbstract, extended by Vehicle, are artificial constructs that do not represent anything in the problem domain. Moreover, inheritance exposes every public method of the superclass, possibly violating encapsulation. It's only a matter of time before someone calls a method which was not supposed to be available. The third problem is related to unit testing, and the duplication of test code. Should we test just the subclasses behavior? Or should we test also the inherited features? In the latter case, we will duplicate test code. Inheritance and delegation (also known as composition) are the two basic relationships between classes in OOP. They are equivalent from a theoretical, functional point of view - but so is a Turing Machine or the whitespace language. Steps Create a field in the subclass, and initialize it to $this. It will contain the collaborator. Change the methods in the subclass to use the delegate field. Methods which are inherited may need to be introduced as a delegation to parent. Remove the subclass declaration, and replace the delegate with a new instance of the superclass. Throughout the refactoring, the tests should always pass. This refactoring is crucial as it opens up further possibilities: for example, Dependency Injection performed on the collaborator, or the extraction of an interface containing the public methods called by the former subclass. Example We start form the end of the Pull Up Method example: we want to transform the NewsFeedItem superclass into a collaborator with the same behavior. assertEquals("Hello, world! -- giorgiosironi", $post->__toString()); } public function testALinkShowsItsAuthor() { $link = new Link("http://en.wikipedia.com", "giorgiosironi"); $this->assertEquals("http://en.wikipedia.com -- giorgiosironi", $link->__toString()); } } abstract class NewsFeedItem { /** * @var string references the author's Twitter username */ protected $author; /** * @return string an HTML printable version */ public function __toString() { return $this->displayedText() . " -- $this->author"; } /** * @return string */ protected abstract function displayedText(); } class Post extends NewsFeedItem { private $text; public function __construct($text, $author) { $this->text = $text; $this->author = $author; } protected function displayedText() { return $this->text; } } class Link extends NewsFeedItem { private $url; public function __construct($url, $author) { $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; } protected function displayedText() { return "url\">$this->url"; } } Public methods cannot be inherited from a collaborator, so as a preliminary step they must be delegated to it. class Post extends NewsFeedItem { private $text; public function __construct($text, $author) { $this->text = $text; $this->author = $author; } protected function displayedText() { return $this->text; } } class Link extends NewsFeedItem { private $url; public function __construct($url, $author) { $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; } protected function displayedText() { return "url\">$this->url"; } public function __toString() { return parent::__toString(); } } Deciding a name for the role of the collaborator is an important step. It is very likely to change with respect to a name that follows LSP and is used for a superclass. We choose Format, since the parent models a way to print out the author and content fields. We also extract a method, display(), in the superclass, to split the formatting behavior from the wiring to the fields. We plan to use display() as a collaborator, while __toString() was made for inheritance and will be discontinued. abstract class NewsFeedItem { /** * @var string references the author's Twitter username */ protected $author; /** * @return string an HTML printable version */ public function __toString() { return $this->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } public function display($text, $author) { return "$text -- $author"; } /** * @return string */ protected abstract function displayedText(); } class Post extends NewsFeedItem { private $text; private $format; public function __construct($text, $author) { $this->text = $text; $this->author = $author; $this->format = $this; } protected function displayedText() { return $this->text; } public function __toString() { return parent::__toString(); } } class Link extends NewsFeedItem { private $url; private $format; public function __construct($url, $author) { $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; $this->format = $this; } protected function displayedText() { return "url\">$this->url"; } public function __toString() { return parent::__toString(); } } We can start using the delegate instead of parent, and of relying on inheritance. __toString() is the only point where we have to intervene: class Post extends NewsFeedItem { private $text; private $format; public function __construct($text, $author) { $this->text = $text; $this->author = $author; $this->format = $this; } protected function displayedText() { return $this->text; } public function __toString() { return $this->format->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } } class Link extends NewsFeedItem { private $url; private $format; public function __construct($url, $author) { $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; $this->format = $this; } protected function displayedText() { return "url\">$this->url"; } public function __toString() { return $this->format->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } } Now we can eliminate abstract and the abstract method in the superclass, plus the extends keyword in the subclasses. This means now $this->format would be initialized to an instance of TextSignedByAuthorFormat, which is the new name for NewsFeedItem. We also have to push down $this->author. class TextSignedByAuthorFormat { /** * @return string an HTML printable version */ public function __toString() { return $this->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } public function display($text, $author) { return "$text -- $author"; } } class Post { private $text; private $author; private $format; public function __construct($text, $author) { $this->text = $text; $this->author = $author; $this->format = new TextSignedByAuthorFormat(); } protected function displayedText() { return $this->text; } public function __toString() { return $this->format->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } } class Link { private $url; private $author; private $format; public function __construct($url, $author) { $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; $this->format = new TextSignedByAuthorFormat(); } protected function displayedText() { return "url\">$this->url"; } public function __toString() { return $this->format->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } } Finally, we can simplify part of the code. We delete the __toString() on TextSignedByAuthorFormat which is dead code; and inline the displayedMethod() on Post, which served the inheritance-based solution but now is an unnecessary indirection. class TextSignedByAuthorFormat { public function display($text, $author) { return "$text -- $author"; } } class Post { private $text; private $author; private $format; public function __construct($text, $author) { $this->text = $text; $this->author = $author; $this->format = new TextSignedByAuthorFormat(); } public function __toString() { return $this->format->display($this->text, $this->author); } } class Link { private $url; private $author; private $format; public function __construct($url, $author) { $this->url = $url; $this->author = $author; $this->format = new TextSignedByAuthorFormat(); } protected function displayedText() { return "url\">$this->url"; } public function __toString() { return $this->format->display($this->displayedText(), $this->author); } } There are many further steps we could make: inject the TextSignedByAuthorFormat object. Consequently, if the logic in the collaborator expands we can refactor tests to use a Test Double. Move $this->author into the format. Apply Extract Interface (Format should be the name), to be able to support multiple output formats. Another implementation could place a link on the author too, or could strip all or some of the tags for displaying in a RSS or in a tweet.

In this post, you'll find a quick, 7-line code block of JavaScript that you can use to covert dates to the MM/DD/YYYY format.

When I first sat down to redesign my personal site I knew that I wanted to incorporate HTML5 Canvas somewhere in the layout. The problem was that I hadn't worked with canvas before and had to start from scratch. I went through the pain of learning every aspect of adding text, drawing shapes, importing image, etc... before I found the amazing canvas framework Processing.JS The content of this article was originally posted in Joey Cadle Allgaier's blog. For those who don't quite fully grasp what HTML5 Canvas check out the W3Schools entry for the element before reading any further, but it's basically an element that defines graphics. Canvas Basics Adding a canvas element is as simple as adding the below markup. The canvas element alone acts as a block level element with all children hidden without the use of javascript to draw text, objects, images, etc... Please note that HTML5 markup and the canvas element is only support by modern browsers such as Firefox (1.5+), Safari (1.3+), Chrome, Opera (9+), and Internet Explorer (9+). Obviously we don't want to go adding canvas elements without some type of alternative display for browsers that do not support canvas rendering. Thankfully all graphics rendered via canvas are layered above any markup contained within the element. Here's how we degrade canvas so that browsers such as Internet Explorer 8 know they need to stop being lazy and upgrade to a more modern browser. First we'll add a link to an HTML5 element shiv for any user with a browser later than IE9 in the portion of our document, adding the element to our stack of recognized html markup: Now let's update our canvas element to target non-modern browsers: Please upgrade your browser to something newer, like Google Chrome The above markup lets anyone using a non-modern browser that they should probably upgrade their browser. You can put substitute text with an image if you want. For instance, any visitor to this site using a browser that doesn't support HTML5 Canvas is met with a standard JPEG logo as opposed to the canvas alternative. CSS Styling Canvas It's always good practice to style your canvas element as until drawing has been accomplished the styling will act as a kind of start screen. While we're at it, we'll also style the child within our canvas element. Styling the child elements inside of your canvas is important so that in non modern browsers we're taking up the same amount of space. #myCanvas, #myCanvas p { width: 460px; height: 250px; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #555; text-align: center; } In modern browsers our canvas element now displays exactly as we styled it, and non-modern browsers also show a similar styling but with a note for the user to upgrade their browser. Take note that css such as text coloring and background coloring is only useful until our canvas element is initialized. Once initialized the things we draw onto our canvas can not be styled via css. Now that we've covered the basics, how do we go about drawing to the canvas? We could use modern javascript to draw to the canvas, but in this article we're going learn how to use the javascript framework Processing.JS to handle all our drawing. Getting Started With Processing.JS Processing.JS is a port of the Processing Visual Programming Language developed by Ben Fry and Casey Reas designed for use on the web. You develop code using the processing language and processing.js transforms those actions into canvas elements. You can download the latest version of Processing.JS at their website: http://processingjs.org. Let's get started by adding a link to processing.js in the portion of our document: Processing.JS now adds functionality for us to reference our canvas element to a file (file-type: .pde) in which all of our processing code exists. Let's reference our code by adding the "data-processing-sources" attribute to our canvas element: Please upgrade your browser to something newer, like Google Chrome Now all we have to do is create the source file referenced, (in this case "myProcessingCode.pde") and add our Processing code. Writing Processing Code We're going to cover a few basic drawing methods such as shapes, text, and images, but before that I want to go over the two core functions of Processing.JS: setup, and draw. The setup function contains all of the code we want to run when our canvas is initialized. Most importantly this is where you set such key values such as our canvas element's size and framerate. Let's go ahead and set the size, framerate and background of our canvas element: void setup() { size(500, 250); background(245); framerate(30); } In the above code we're telling Processing.JS to set the size of our canvas to a width/height of 500/250 and to set the background of our canvas to an rgb value of 245, 245, 245 (#F5F5F5) and to set our canvas framerate (essential to looping, which we'll discuss later), all at canvas initialization. Note that all Processing functions are designated with "void" and in this case Processing.js recognizes the setup function as the function to be ran at intialization of our canvas. Adding a custom function is simple: void myFunction() { // do something here } Our initial setup function sets values to what our css styling is for background-color and size and our canvas now mimics what we saw before adding any processing code. Now we'll add a 50x50 pink rectangle with a 1 pixel white stroke to a random position of our canvas using by modifying our setup function. void setup() { size(500, 250); background(245); framerate(30); color pink = #ffb5b5; color white = #ffffff; fill(pink); stroke(white); int positionX = int(floor(random(20, 408))); // 20 pixel left and right padding int positionY = int(floor(random(20, 158))); // 20 pixel top and bottom padding rect(positionX, positionY, 50, 50); // x, y, width, height } Going over each function we see that we first declare some color variables using the following syntax: color myColor = #hexvalue; Always assign complicated colors to color variables so that we can link them to methods such as fill, background, and stroke. You can forego the use of hex values and instead use rgb values as so color myColor = color(255, 181 , 181);. Next we declare our fill by using the fill() method. The color value we assign to this method will be the fill color of any shape method we then call. This also applies to our stroke() method. If you do not call fill() and stroke() before declaring the shape the shape will have a default fill color of white and a default 1 pixel stroke of black. If you don't want to fill or stroke the next shape drawn you can do so by replacing fill() and stroke() with noFill() and/or noStroke() methods. noFill(); // the next shape will not be filled noStroke(); // the next shape will not be stroked We can also declare if we want our shape to be antialiased or "smoothed" (no smoothing set by default) or change the weight of our stroke (default stroke weight is 1px) by calling the smooth() and strokeWeight() methods: smooth(); // antialias our shape strokeWeight(10); // set the stroke weight to 10 pixels We now declare a positionX and positionY variable to randomize where our rectangle should appear by using the data method int, since we know our value will be an integer, and we'll make use of the random() method. The random method can and will return a floated value so we'll use the floor() method to round the number returned by random() down. int myInt = int(floor(random(start, end)) Note that in my example I know that the size the canvas is 500x250 so to ensure that my rectangle is positioned at least 20 pixels from the border of the canvas edges my starting value is 20 and my ending value is 500 (canvas size) minus 40 (20 pixel left/right padding) minus 52 (width/height of rectangle including 1pixel stroke) for the position of X and 250(canvas size) minus ... for the Y position. You, however, can use any value you see fit or declare a non random value like so int positionX = 10; The only thing left is to create our shape. We've chosen to create a rectangle by using the rect() method: rect(x, y, width, height); Remember declaring just a bare rect() without setting any fill() and/or stroke() will result in a shape you can't see, so don't forget to call those methods as stated earlier. If you hate rectangles you can change the shape by changing the rect() method to ellipse(), line(), point(), quad(), arc(), or triangle() ellipse(x, y, width, height); line(xStart, yStart, xEnd, yEnd); // doesn't auto stroke point(x, y); // doesn't auto stroke quad(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4); // x,y position of each corner of a rectangle arc(x, y, width, height, start[radian], stop[radian]); // PI radians with or without math operators eg: PI, PI/2, TWO_PI-PI, PI+TWO_PI, etc... triangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3); // x,y of each point of a triangle For more 2D shape methods (including curves) check the reference section of the Processing.JS website. Shapes via SVG If you're familiar with SVG and are constantly working with it you'll want to know that you can define shapes via an SVG file by using PShape Datatype: PShape mySVG; // set the PShape datatype to the mySVG variable mySVG = loadShape("mySVGfile.svg"); // load your .svg file using loadShape(); smooth(); // antialias the shape shape(mySVG, x, y, width, height); Note you must always load your svg file using the loadShape() method before calling the shape() method. Adding Text Processing.JS provides us with the PFont Datatype and the methods loadFont(), textFont(), and text() methods. Font loading in canvas can be a bit complex as, despite the ease of the loadFont() method, font support for canvas varies across browsers. Firefox supports canvas fonts the best, but has a pre-defined list of fonts. As of now it's best to use a surely installed font (such as Arial) or to use the PFont_list() method to check the fonts a user has available to load. For more information see the Processing.JS reference to PFont_list(). Let's add some text to our canvas: void setup() { size(500, 250); background(245); framerate(30); color pink = #ffb5b5; color white = #ffffff; fill(pink); stroke(white); int positionX = int(floor(random(20, 408))); int positionY = int(floor(random(20, 158))); rect(positionX, positionY, 50, 50); fill(64); // color the text #404040 rgb(64, 64, 64) PFont fontArial = loadFont("arial"); // load the Arial font textFont(fontArial, 32); // set the font-size of fontArial to 32 point text("Joey Cadle Rocks!", 110, 60); // Add the text to canvas at x, y position } The draw() Function and Image Loading Processing.JS's draw() function is where most of your drawing should take place. The biggest thing to note is that Processing.JS automaticly loops the draw() function at whatever frameRate() you specify in your setup(). Because of this automatic looping we're given the loop() and noLoop() methods. In this next append to our code we'll be loading images by making use of the PImage Datatype and the methods loadImage(), requestImage(), image(), and get(). Lets use the draw() function to handle our drawing from now on and let's load an image using requestImage() as opposed to loadImage() as loadImage() freezes canvas until the image is loaded while requestImage() does not. Here's a look at just the image loading code: PImage img; // PImage for preloading PImage part; // PImage for display img = requestImage("yourImage.png"); // accepted formats are .jpg, .gif, and .png part = img.get(); // get all pixels from the image image(part, 20, 20); // display the image at x, y coordinates Note that we're now going to initialize our PImage and PFont objects outside of our setup() and draw() functions so that they're accessible throughout our script. PImage img; PImage part; PFont fontArial = loadFont("arial"); void setup() { size(500, 250); background(245); frameRate(30); img = requestImage("yourImage.png"); } void draw() { background(245); part = img.get(); image(part, 20, 20); color pink = #ffb5b5; color white = #ffffff; fill(pink); stroke(white); int positionX = int(floor(random(20, 430))); int positionY = int(floor(random(20, 180))); rect(positionX, positionY, 50, 50); fill(64); textFont(fontArial, 32); text("Joey Cadle Rocks!", 110, 60); noLoop(); // Tell Processing.JS to stop looping. } Now we're getting down the heart of Processing.JS by utilizing it's two main features. Note that most methods, including noLoop() and loop() are accessible in other frameworks such as JQuery. You can do things like: $('.some_div').click(function() { loop(); } By specifying a noLoop() in our draw() function we're able to Making Use of Looping We're going to add some animation and some event listing for a mouse movement. We'll remove our rectangle and choose to move our image and text with our mouse. This can be done by calling the mouseMoved() function and making good use of the looping of our draw() function. Our ability to have our image and text follow our mouse hinges on the fact that Processing.JS consistently holds the current position of our mouse in the variables mouseX and mouseY. We'll add 5 frame delay to our movement with some simple math. PImage img; PImage part; PFont fontArial = loadFont("arial"); void setup() { size(500, 250); background(245); frameRate(30); x = 20; // set initial x position y = 20; // set initial y position mX = x; // set mouseX to above x mY = y; // set mouseY to above y delay = 5; // set the frames we want to delay movement img = requestImage("yourImage.png"); } void draw() { x += (mX - x) / delay; // reset our x with current x position minus mouseX position and delay it y += (mY - y) / delay; // reset our y with current y position minus mouseY position and delay it fontX = x + 90; // add the width of our image to ensure its to the right (in the demo case: 90) fontY = y + 40; // add the height of our image to ensure its level (in the demo case: 40) background(245); part = img.get(); image(part, x, y); // draw our image at x, y based on x,y values above. fill(64); textFont(fontArial, 32); text("Joey Cadle Rocks!", fontX, fontY); // Add the text to canvas at fontX and fontY position } void mouseMoved() { mX = mouseX; // set mX to our mouseX position mY = mouseY; // set mY to our mouseY position } Processing.JS has other built in event listeners such as the mouseClicked() and mouseDragged functions. Check out their website for a full list of listeners, but as far as we're concerned, our canvas is now animated and interactive! For a full demo check out the live example here. Conlusion This article is intended to show simplified use of Processing.JS. Do not in anyway take this article and use it to judge the limits of Processing.JS or Canvas in general. The native canvas API is incredibly powerful, as if Processing.JS, this article is just a taste of what you can achieve. Thanks for reading. Short URL: http://bit.ly/z25Lvg Source: http://joeycadle.com/blog/article/1/2012/22/01/html5-canvas-and-processing-js

Tests developed during TDD can be classified into several levels, depending on the size of the object graph they need to work with. End-to-end tests span the whole application graph, while unit tests usually target a single public class at a time. In the middle we find functional tests, which exercise a group of objects. A recurring problem is that of nearby classes C creeping into unit tests of unrelated classes; this situation transform what would be a unit test of the original class O into a functional tests of O and C together (possibly with multiple C classes involved). Functional tests are handy for specifying behavior at an higher level of abstraction than that of a single object, and sometimes for checking the wiring of a component of the application. However, if they are introduced involuntarily in place of unit tests they are prone to raise maintenance problems, since they will need to change every time the C class is updated. Moreover, they will fail along with the unit test of C, pointing to a problem into either O or C, which are not able to localize immediately. Consider this test, where the original class is DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand and the collaborating one is InMemoryDocumentCopy: @Test public void shouldSendTheListOfDocumentsAndWaitForAcknowledgement() throws ConnectionClosedException { UpstreamConnection upstream = mock(UpstreamConnection.class); DownstreamConnection downstream = mock(DownstreamConnection.class); InMemoryDocumentCopy first = new InMemoryDocumentCopy("1.txt", "hello"); InMemoryDocumentCopy second = new InMemoryDocumentCopy("2.txt", "hello2"); DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand command = DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand.fromDocumentCopies( Arrays.asList(first, second), 10001); command.execute(upstream, downstream); InOrder inOrder = inOrder(upstream, downstream); inOrder.verify(upstream).command("DOCUMENTS|PORT=10001"); inOrder.verify(upstream).command("1.txt|5"); inOrder.verify(upstream).command("2.txt|6"); inOrder.verify(upstream).endCommandSection(); inOrder.verify(downstream, times(1)).readResponse(); } The two expectations on command() make this test a functional one: a change in the textual serialization format of InMemoryDocumentCopy (such as "1.txt|sha1_hash|5") will break this checks, even if DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand still works. Yet we cannot avoid to verify that the documents are really sent to the server by this object. Functional tests can be transformed again into unit tests by testing O with a Test Double instead of C (a Stub, or a Mock.) The only remaining dependency will be the one of the interface of C, which can be even extracted into an independent entity (a first-class interface in language that support them such as Java, C# and PHP.) Pure functions What happens when you can't easily inject a Test Double to maintain the tests at the unit level? This issues exists in functional languages where functions call a tree of other functions. A analogue approach to dependency injection is to inject the function as a parameter, but doesn't probably scale to the level of injection we perform on objects: every function signature would have to receive all the collaborating ones as additional parameters. There are even mocking frameworks for functional languages like Marick's one which are able to isolate a function from its collaborators. Uncle Bob uses the Derived Expectation pattern instead: testing "update-all" (let [ o1 (make-object ...) o2 (make-object ...) o3 (make-object ...) os [o1 o2 o3] us (update-all os) ] (is (= (nth us 0) (reposition (accelerate (accumulate-forces os o1) (is (= (nth us 1) (reposition (accelerate (accumulate-forces os o2) (is (= (nth us 2) (reposition (accelerate (accumulate-forces os o3) ) ) The update-all function calls internally reposition, accelerate and accumulate-forces (or it calls other functions which in turn call these three). Instead of specifying unreadable literal expectations in the tests like (1.096, 4.128), this approach let the test specify update-all link to the other functions without introducing magic numbers. It is therefore a unit test for update-all, while the same test containing numbers would be a functional test. Note that this approach is safe for functional languages because the collaborating functions have no state, being pure; you can call reposition and accelerate how many times you want, and their result won't change. This is not necessarily true for collaborators in object-oriented languages: in principle, a method can return a different value for each call. Tests with derived expectations As long as the composed methods do not change their result, this approach would build real unit tests, whose success does not depend on the correctness of classes other than the one under test. Apart from corner cases like the composed methods throwing exceptions, a change in the collaborator's behavior would change only the collaborator's test. Value Objects are the ideal collaborator to stub out with derived expectations: they are immutable, so their methods always return the same result. Their code is usually self-contained and simple, so it's difficult for a method to throw an exception or to break internally once the Value Object has been correctly built. Being simple, final classes they do not implement an explicit interface; and they are not commonly substituted by Test Doubles. Their behavior is mixed in with the objects using them. The test becomes: @Test public void shouldSendTheListOfDocumentsAndWaitForAcknowledgement() throws ConnectionClosedException { UpstreamConnection upstream = mock(UpstreamConnection.class); DownstreamConnection downstream = mock(DownstreamConnection.class); InMemoryDocumentCopy first = new InMemoryDocumentCopy("1.txt", "hello"); InMemoryDocumentCopy second = new InMemoryDocumentCopy("2.txt", "hello2"); DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand command = DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand.fromDocumentCopies( Arrays.asList(first, second), 10001); command.execute(upstream, downstream); InOrder inOrder = inOrder(upstream, downstream); inOrder.verify(upstream).command("DOCUMENTS|PORT=10001"); inOrder.verify(upstream).command(first.toString()); inOrder.verify(upstream).command(second.toString()); inOrder.verify(upstream).endCommandSection(); inOrder.verify(downstream, times(1)).readResponse(); } Conclusion We saw that Test Doubles like Mocks and Stubs are not the only way to achieve isolated tests, which fail only where the class under test fail and not when a collaborator changes its implementation. In the Example, DocumentsDeclarationNodeCommand is tested by involving the real collaborator, but setting up Derived Expectation from it instead of literal ones. The result is this test is only tied to the method signatures of the collaborator instead of to the real behavior (the output format of toString()). This technique doesn't need to be used often: its purpose is to isolate from an immutable object, without introducing a Test Double.

In this tutorial we are making a HTML5 Slideshow (canvas) with its own animated transitioning effect. The main idea is: drawing images with higher contrast in the ends of transitions. Here are our demo and downloadable packages: Live Demo download in package Ok, download the source files and let's start coding ! Step 1. HTML This is the markup of our resulting slideshow page. index.html HTML5 Canvas Slideshow Back to original tutorial on Script Tutorials Step 2. CSS Here are all the stylesheets: css/main.css /* page layout styles */ *{ margin:0; padding:0; } body { background-color:#eee; color:#fff; font:14px/1.3 Arial,sans-serif; } header { background-color:#212121; box-shadow: 0 -1px 2px #111111; display:block; height:70px; position:relative; width:100%; z-index:100; } header h2{ font-size:22px; font-weight:normal; left:50%; margin-left:-400px; padding:22px 0; position:absolute; width:540px; } header a.stuts,a.stuts:visited{ border:none; text-decoration:none; color:#fcfcfc; font-size:14px; left:50%; line-height:31px; margin:23px 0 0 110px; position:absolute; top:0; } header .stuts span { font-size:22px; font-weight:bold; margin-left:5px; } .container { color: #000; margin: 20px auto; position: relative; width: 900px; } #slideshow { border:1px #000 solid; box-shadow:4px 6px 6px #444444; display:block; margin:0 auto; height:300px; width:900px; } .container .slides { display:none; } Step 3. JS js/pixastic.custom.js Pixastic – JavaScript Image Processing Library. I have used it to change the brightness and contrast of our canvas. You can download this library here. Or, you can find this library in our package too. js/script.js var canvas, ctx; var aImages = []; var iCurSlide = 0; var iCnt = 0; var iSmTimer = 0; var iContr = 0; var iEfIter = 50; $(function(){ // creating canvas objects canvas = document.getElementById('slideshow'); ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); // collect all images $('.slides').children().each(function(i){ var oImg = new Image(); oImg.src = this.src; aImages.push(oImg); }); // draw first image ctx.drawImage(aImages[iCurSlide], 0, 0); var iTimer = setInterval(changeSlideTimer, 5000); // set inner timer }); function changeSlideTimer() { iCurSlide++; if (iCurSlide == $(aImages).length) { iCurSlide = 0; } clearInterval(iSmTimer); iSmTimer = setInterval(drawSwEffect, 40); // extra one timer } // draw switching effect function drawSwEffect() { iCnt++; if (iCnt <= iEfIter / 2) { iContr += 0.004; // change brightness and contrast Pixastic.process(canvas, 'brightness', { 'brightness': 2, 'contrast': 0.0 + iContr, 'leaveDOM': true }, function(img) { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0); } ); } if (iCnt > iEfIter / 2) { // change brightness Pixastic.process(canvas, 'brightness', { 'brightness': -2, 'contrast': 0, 'leaveDOM': true }, function(img) { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0); } ); } if (iCnt == iEfIter / 2) { // switch actual image iContr = 0; ctx.drawImage(aImages[iCurSlide], 0, 0); Pixastic.process(canvas, 'brightness', { 'brightness': iEfIter, 'contrast': 0, 'leaveDOM': true }, function(img) { ctx.drawImage(img, 0, 0); } ); } else if (iCnt == iEfIter) { // end of cycle, clear extra sub timer clearInterval(iSmTimer); iCnt = 0; iContr = 0; } } As you can see – the main functionality is easy. I have defined the main timer (which will change images), and one inner timer, which will change the brightness and contrast of our canvas. Live Demo download in package Conclusion I hope that today’s html5 slideshow lesson was interesting for you as always. We have made another nice html5 example. I will be glad to see your thanks and comments. Good luck! Source: http://www.script-tutorials.com/html5-canvas-slideshow/

Software Engineering is all about reuse. We programmers therefore love to split applications up into smaller components so that each of them can be reused or extended in an independent manner. A keyword here is "loose coupling". Slightly simplified, this means, each component should have as few dependencies to other components as possible. Most important, if I have a component B which relies on component A, I don't want that A needs to know about B. The component A should just provide a clean interface which could be used and extended by B. In Java there are many frameworks which provide this exact functionality: JavaEE, Spring, OSGI. However, each of those frameworks come with their own way to do things and provide lots and lots of additional functionality - whether you want it or not! Since we here at scireum love modularity (we build 4 products out of a set of about 10 independet modules) we built our own little framework. I factored out the most important parts and now have a single class with less than 250 lines of code+comments! I call this a microkernel approach, since it nicely compares to the situation we have with operating systems: There are monolithic kernels like the one of Linux with about 11,430,712 lines of code. And there is a concept called a microkernel, like to one of Minix with about 6,000 lines of executable kernel code. There is still an ongoing discussion which of the two solituons is better. A monolithic kernel is faster, a microkernel has way less critical code (critical code means: a bug there will crash the complete system. If you haven't already, you should read more about mikrokernels on Wikipedia. However one might think about operating systems - when it comes to Java I prefer less dependencies and if possible no black magic I don't understand. Especially if this magic involves complex ClassLoader structures. Therefore, here comes Nucleus... How does this work? The framework (Nucleus) solves two problems of modular applications: I want provide a service to other components - but I only want to show an interface and they should be provided with my implementation at runtime without knowning(referencing) it. I want to provide a service or callback for other components. I provide an interface, and I want to know all classes implementig it, so I can invoke them. Ok, we probably need examples for this. Say we want to implement a simple timer service. It provides an interface: public interface EveryMinute { void runTimer() throws Exception; } All classes implementing this interface should be invoked every minute. Additionally we provide some infos - namely, when was the timer executed last. public interface TimerInfo { String getLastOneMinuteExecution(); } Ok, next we need a client for our services: @Register(classes = EveryMinute.class) public class ExampleNucleus implements EveryMinute { private static Part timerInfo = Part.of(TimerInfo.class); public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Nucleus.init(); while (true) { Thread.sleep(10000); System.out.println("Last invocation: " + timerInfo.get().getLastOneMinuteExecution()); } } @Override public void runTimer() throws Exception { System.out.println("The time is: " + DateFormat.getTimeInstance().format(new Date())); } } The static field "Part timerInfo" is a simple helper class which fetches the registered instance from Nucleus on the first call and loads it into a private field. So accessing this part has almost no overhead to a normal field access - yet we only reference an interface, not an implementation. The main method first initializes Nucleus (this performs the classpath scan etc.) and then simply goes into an infinite loop, printing the last execution of our timer every ten seconds. Since our class wears a @Register annotation, it will be discovered by a special ClassLoadAction (not by Nucleus itself) instantiated and registered for the EveryMinute interface. Its method runTimer will then be invoced by our timer service every minute. Ok, but how would our TimerService look like? @Register(classes = { TimerInfo.class }) public class TimerService implements TimerInfo { @InjectList(EveryMinute.class) private List everyMinute; private long lastOneMinuteExecution = 0; private Timer timer; public TimerService() { start(); } public void start() { timer = new Timer(true); // Schedule the task to wait 60 seconds and then invoke // every 60 seconds. timer.schedule(new InnerTimerTask(), 1000 * 60, 1000 * 60); } private class InnerTimerTask extends TimerTask { @Override public void run() { // Iterate over all instances registered for // EveryMinute and invoke its runTimer method. for (EveryMinute task : everyMinute) { task.runTimer(); } // Update lastOneMinuteExecution lastOneMinuteExecution = System.currentTimeMillis(); } } @Override public String getLastOneMinuteExecution() { if (lastOneMinuteExecution == 0) { return "-"; } return DateFormat.getDateTimeInstance().format( new Date(lastOneMinuteExecution)); } } This class also wears a @Register annotation so that it will also be loaded by the ClassLoadAction named above (the ServiceLoadAction actually). As above it will be instantiated and put into Nucleus (as implementation of TimerInfo). Additionally it wears an @InjectList annotation on the everyMinute field. This will be processed by another class named Factory which performs simple dependency injection. Since its constructur starts a Java Timer for the InnerTimerTask, from that point on all instances registered for EveryMinute will be invoced by this timer - as the name says - every minute. How is it implemented? The good thing about Nucleus is, that it is powerful on the one hand, but very simple and small on the other hand. As you could see, there is no inner part for special or privileged services. Everything is built around the kernel - the class Nuclues. Here is what it does: It scans the classpath and looks for files called "component.properties". Those need to be in the root folder of a JAR or in the /src folder of each Eclipse project respectively. For each identified JAR / project / classpath element, it then collects all contained class files and loads them using Class.forName. For each class, it checks if it implements ClassLoadAction, if yes, it is put into a special list. Each ClassLoadAction is instanciated and each previously seen class is sent to it using: void handle(Class clazz) Finally each ClassLoadAction is notified, that nucleus is complete so that final steps (like annotation based dependency injection) could be performed. That's it. The only other thing Nucleus provides is a registry which can be used to register and retrieve objects for a class. (An in-depth description of the process above, can be found here: http://andreas.haufler.info/2012/01/iterating-over-all-classes-with.html). Now to make this framework useable as shown above, there is a set of classes around Nucleus. Most important is the class ServiceLoadAction, which will instantiate each class which wears a @Register annoation, runs Factory.inject (our mini DI tool) on it, and throws it into Nucleus for the listed classes. Whats important: The ServiceLoadActions has no specific rights or privileges, you can easily write your implementation which does smarter stuff. Next to some annotations, there are three other handy classes when it comes to retrieving instances from Nucleus: Factory, Part and Parts. As noted above, the Factory is a simple dependency injector. Currently only the ServiceLoadAction autmatically uses the Factory, as all classes wearing the @Register annotation are scanned for required injections. You can however use this factory to run injections on your own classes or other ClassLoadActions to do the same as ServiceLoadAction. If you can't or don't want to rely in annotation based dependency magic, you can use the two helper classes Part and Parts. Those are used like normal fields (see ExampleNucleus.timerInfo above) and fetch the appropriate object or list of objects automatically. Since the result is cached, repeated invocations have almost no overhead compared to a normal field. Nucleus and the example shown above is open source (MIT-License) and available here: https://github.com/andyHa/scireumOpen/blob/master/src/examples/ExampleNucleus.java https://github.com/andyHa/scireumOpen/tree/master/src/com/scireum/open/nucleus If you're interested in using Nucleus, I could put the relevant souces into a separater repository and also provide a release jar - just write a comment below an let me know. This post is the fourth part of the my series "Enterprisy Java" - We share our hints and tricks how to overcome the obstacles when trying to build several multi tenant web applications out of a set of common modules.