Mastering Kubectl is mandatory to manage a Kubernetes cluster. This post aims to give some guidelines to operate any Kubernetes objects in the command line.

I share my thoughts about how to set up a PostgreSQL Database in Kubernetes with some level of high availability, introducing 3 different architectural styles to do so.

Learn all about machine learning and it's different subsets, such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and the subsets within those tops.

Hardware abstraction involves the creation of a programming layer that allows the computer operating system to interact with hardware devices at a general rather than detailed level. This layer involves logical code implementation that avails the hardware to any software program. For storage devices, abstraction provides a uniform interface for users accessing shared storage, concealing the hardware’s implementation from the operating system. This allows software running on user machines to get the highest possible performance from the storage devices. It also allows for device-independent programs since storage hardware abstraction enables device drivers to access each storage device directly. Kubernetes is, by nature, infrastructure agnostic, for that it relies on plugins and volume abstractions to decouple storage hardware from applications and services. On the other hand, containers are ephemeral, and immediately lose data when they terminate. Kubernetes persists data created and processed by containerized applications on Physical Storage devices using Volumes and Persistent Volumes. These abstractions connect to storage hardware through various types of Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) implementations. Two commonly used HAL storage implementations for Kubernetes clusters are Container Attached Storage (CAS) and Software Designed Storage (SDS). This blog delves into fundamental differences of CAS and SDS, the benefits of each, and the most appropriate use-cases for typical HAL storage implementations. Container Attached Storage Vs Software-Defined Storage Kubernetes employs abstracted storage for portable, highly available and distributed storage. The Kubernetes API supports various CAS and SDS storage solutions connecting through the CSI interface. Let us take a closer look into the functioning of both the abstraction models and the purpose each solves for storage in a Kubernetes cluster. Container Attached Storage Container Attached Storage (CAS) introduces a novel approach of persisting data for stateful workloads in Kubernetes clusters. With CAS, storage controllers are managed and run in containers as part of the Kubernetes cluster. This allows storage portability since these controllers can be run on any Kubernetes platform, whether on personal machines, on-premises data centres or public cloud offerings. Since a CAS leverages a microservice architecture, the storage solution remains closely associated with the application that binds to physical storage devices, reducing I/O times. Container Attached Storage Architecture CAS leverages the Kubernetes environment to enable the persistence of cluster data. The storage solution runs storage targets in containers. These targets are microservices that can be replicated for independent scaling and management. For enhanced autonomy and agility, these microservice-based storage targets can then be orchestrated using a platform like Kubernetes. A CAS cluster uses the control plane layer for storage management while the data plane layer is used to run storage targets/workloads. Storage controllers in the control plane provision volumes, spin up storage target replicas and perform other management associated tasks. Data plane components execute storage policies and instructions from control plane elements. These instructions typically include file paths, storage and access methods. The data plane additionally contains the storage engine which is responsible for implementing the actual Input-Output Path for file storage. Benefits of Container Attached Storage Container Attached Storage enables agile storage for stateful containerized applications. This is because it follows a microservice-based pattern which allows the storage controller and target replicas to be upgraded seamlessly. Containerization of storage software means that administrative teams can dynamically allocate and update storage policies for each volume. With CAS, low-level storage resources are represented using Kubernetes Custom Resource Definitions. This allows for seamless integration between storage and cloud-native tooling, which enables easier management and monitoring. CAS also ensures storage is vendor-agnostic since stateful workloads can be moved from one Kubernetes deployment environment to another without disrupting services. Container Attached Storage Use-Cases CAS uses storage target replication to ensure high availability, avoiding blast radius limitations of traditional distributed storage architecture. This makes CAS the top storage choice for cloud-native applications. CAS is also appropriate for organizations looking to orchestrate their storage across multiple clouds. This is because CAS can be deployed on any Kubernetes platform. Container Attached Storage enables simple storage backup and replication, making it perfect for applications that require scale-out storage. It is also perfect for development teams that want to improve read-write times for their Continuous Integration and Development (CI/CD) pipelines. Popular CAS solutions providers for Kubernetes include: OpenEBS StorageOS Portworx Longhorn Software-Defined Storage Software-Defined Storage architecture relies on data programs to decouple running applications from storage hardware. This simplifies the management of storage devices by abstracting them into virtual partitions. Management is then enabled on a Data Management Interface (DMI) that hosts command and control functions. Features of Software-Defined Storage With Software-Defined Storage, the data/service management interface is hosted on a master server that controls storage layers consisting of shared storage pools. This makes provisioning and allocation of storage easy and flexible. Following are some of the key features of software-defined storage: Device Abstraction - Data I/O services should be delivered uniformly to users regardless of the underlying hardware. Through SDS, storage abstraction constructs, such as repositories, file shares, volumes, and Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs) are used to create a clear divide between physical hardware and logical aspects of data storage. Automation - The SDS solution implements workflows and algorithms that reduce the amount of manual work performed by administrators. To enable efficient automation, SDS storage systems adapt to varying performance and data needs that require little human intervention. Disaggregated, Pooled Storage - Physical storage devices are part of a shared tool from which the software can carve out storage for services and applications. This allows SDS to use available storage efficiently when required, thereby resulting in optimum usage of resources. Advantages of Software-Defined Storage Some benefits of using SDS include: Enhanced Scalability - Decoupling hardware resources allows administrators to allocate physical storage dynamically depending on workload. Pooled, disaggregated storage enabled by SDS allows for both vertical and horizontal scaling of physical volumes, supporting larger capacity and higher performance. Improved I/O Performance - SDS enables input-output parallelism to process host requests dynamically across multiple CPUs. SDS also supports large caching memory of up to 8TB, while enabling automatic data tiering. This allows faster input-output operations for quicker data processing. Interoperability - SDS uses the Data Management Interface as a translator that allows storage solutions running on different platforms to interact with each other. It also groups physically isolated storage hardware into logical pools, allowing organizations to host shared storage from different vendors. Reduced Costs - SDS storage solutions typically run on existing commodity hardware while optimizing the consumption of storage. SDS also enables automation that reduces the number of administrators required to manage storage infrastructure. These factors lead to lower upfront and operational expenses towards managing workloads. When to Use Software-Defined Storage SDS offers several benefits for teams looking to enhance storage flexibility at reduced costs. Some common use-cases for SDS include: Data centre infrastructure modernization Creating robust systems for mobile and challenging environments Creating Hybrid Cloud Implementations to be managed on the same platform Leveraging existing infrastructure for Remote and Branch Offices Comparing Container Attached Storage with Software-Defined Storage Similarities: Both CAS and SDS enable isolation between physical storage hardware and running applications. While doing so, both technologies abstract data management from data storage resources. The two HAL implementations share several features in common, including: Vendor-agnostic Both CAS and SDS architectures allow multiple workloads running on a single host. This allows administrators to avail a separation between storage devices and the access software. As a result, organizations can choose either CAS or SDS to implement a storage solution that can run on any platform, regardless of who develops or manages the tooling. Allow dynamic storage allocation SDS and CAS allow for the dynamic attachment and detachment of storage tools, thereby enabling automatic provisioning of data backups and replicas for high availability applications. Both SDS and CAS allow for automatic deployment of storage infrastructure, which allows for storage technology diversity and heterogeneity. Allow efficient infrastructure scaling CAS and SDS allow horizontal and vertical infrastructure scaling to automate data workflows. The two HAL approaches enable the creation of a composable disaggregated infrastructure that enhances the creation of versatile, distributed environments. Differences While SDS enables distributed storage management and reduced hardware dependencies, CAS allows for disintegrated storage that can be run using any container orchestration platform. This introduces various differences between CAS and SDS, including: Software-Defined Storage relies on traditional shared software with limitations on blast radius, while Container Attached Storage (CAS) allows the replication of storage software, allowing for independent management and scaling. CAS allows for scaling up/sideways in both storage and volume performance, while SDS enables the scaling up of storage nodes to improve storage capacity. SDS enables a Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI) while CAS enables Highly Disaggregated Storage Infrastructure. Container Attached Storage and Software-Defined Storage both allow cluster administrators to leverage the benefits of hardware abstraction to persist data for stateful applications in Kubernetes. CAS allows the flexible management of storage controllers by allowing microservices-based storage orchestration using Kubernetes. On the other hand, Software-Defined Storage allows the abstraction of storage hardware using a programmable data control plane. CAS has all the features that a typical SDS provides, albeit tailored for container workloads and built with the latest software and hardware primitives. OpenEBS, a popular CAS based storage solution, has helped several enterprises run stateful workloads. Originally developed by MayaData, OpenEBS is now a CNCF project with a vibrant community of organizations and individuals alike. This was also evident from CNCF’s 2020 Survey Report that highlighted MayaData (OpenEBS) in the top-5 list of most popular storage solutions. To know more on how OpenEBS can help your organization run stateful workloads, contact us here. This article has already been published on https://blog.mayadata.io/container-attached-storage-cas-vs.-software-defined-storage-which-one-to-choose and has been authorized by MayaData for a republish.

GitOps: Git as a single source of truth for all our Kubernetes-related deployments. Let's discuss the later aspects of GitOps through Kubernetes and Flux.

The Docker Images and other objects are stored inside the docker directory in the local machine depending upon the default storage driver being used by the machine

Docker Volume Local Directory setup helps make the development workflow a lot better for developers. We see how it can be achieved with a simple step.

This article covers using Spark on K8s to overcome dependency on cloud providers and running Apache Spark on Kubernetes.

Helm is a tool for deploying applications to Kubernetes clusters. Here are 13 best practices to help you create, operate, and upgrade applications using Helm.

Learn how to create your Perfect SaaS tech stack with the best programming language and build a multi tenant architecture on AWS for your SaaS web app.

This article examines the architecture patterns and provides some sample code for the readers to implement in their own environment.

DevOps is transforming the state of software development worldwide. This article takes a detailed look at the Top 25 DevOps tools currently available.

In this article, we discussed integrating Terraform with Terragrunt and how to automate terraform operations with Atlantis.

With around 50% developers CKA or CKAD certified, we share our experiences, study material, mistakes to avoid, FAQ, etc. about the CKA and CKAD certification.

Let's discuss cluster monitoring fundamentals and how we can use Prometheus Operator to deploy Prometheus and Grafana to monitor a Kubernetes cluster.

Containers are not built to persist data. When a container is created, it only runs the process it hosts and terminates. Any data that it creates or processes are also discarded when the container exits. Containers are built to be ephemeral as this makes them lightweight and helps to keep containerized workloads independent of a host’s filesystem which results in flexible, portable and platform-agnostic applications. These benefits, however, creates a few challenges as well when it comes to orchestrating storage for containerized workloads: The need for appropriate tools that enable data sharing across immutable containers Options for backup and discovery in the event of application failure Means to get rid of stored data once it is no longer needed so that hosts can efficiently handle newer workloads In Kubernetes, PODs are also ephemeral. Kubernetes supports various options to persist data for containerized workloads in different formats. This article explores various tools and strategies that facilitate persistent data storage in Kubernetes. How Kubernetes handles Persistent Storage Kubernetes supports multiple options for the requisition and consumption of storage resources. The basic building block of Kubernetes storage architecture is the volume. This section explores central Kubernetes storage concepts and other integrations that allow for the provisioning of highly available storage for containerized applications. Kubernetes Storage Primitives: Volume A volume is a directory that contains data that can be consumed by containers running in a POD. To attach a volume to a specific POD, it is specified in .spec.volumes and is mounted to containers by specifying in .spec.containers[*].volumeMounts. Kubernetes supports different types of volumes depending on the medium hosting them and their contents. There are two main classes of volumes: Ephemeral volumes - These share the life of a POD and are destroyed as soon as the POD ceases to exist. Persistent Volumes - Exist beyond a POD’s lifetime. Persistent Volume and Persistent Volume Claims A Persistent Volume (PV) is a Kubernetes resource that represents a unit of storage available to the cluster. The lifecycle of a PV is independent of the POD consuming it, so data stored in the PV is available even after containers restart. A PV is an actual Kubernetes object that captures details of how a volume implements storage and is configured using a YAML file with specifications similar to: YAML apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolume metadata: name: darwin-volume labels: type: local spec: storageClassName: dev capacity: storage: 10Gi accessModes: - ReadWriteMany hostPath: path: "/mnt/data" A Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) is the Kubernetes object that PODs use to request a specific portion of storage. The PVC is also a Kubernetes resource and can have specifications similar to: YAML apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: darwin-claim spec: storageClassName: dev accessModes: - ReadWriteMany resources: requests: storage: 3Gi A PVC can be attached to a pod with a specification similar to: YAML spec: volumes: - name: darwin-storage persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: darwin-claim containers: - name: darwin-container image: nginx ports: - containerPort: 80 Once the PVC is created in the cluster via the kubectl apply command, the Kubernetes Master Node searches for a PV that meets the requirements listed by the claim. If an appropriate PV exists with the same storageClassName specification, the PV is bound to the volume. Supported Persistent Volumes in Kubernetes Kubernetes supports different kinds of PVs for containerized applications. These include: awsElasticBlockStore (EBS) azureDisk azureFile cephfs Cinder gcePersistentDisk glusterfs hostPath Iscsi portworxVolume storageOS vsphereVolume Storage Classes Every application typically requires storage with different properties to run different workloads. PVCs allow for the static provision of abstracted storage, which restricts the volume’s properties of size and access modes. The StorageClass resource allows cluster administrators to offer volumes with different properties such as performance, access modes or size without exposing the implementation of abstracted storage to users. Using the storageClass resource, cluster administrators can describe the different flavors of storage on offer, mapping to different quality-of-service levels or security policies. The storageClass resource is defined using three main specifications: Provisioner- determines the type of volume plugin used to avail Persistent Volumes Reclaim Policy- tells the cluster how to handle a volume after a PVC releases the PV it is attached to. Parameters- properties of the volumes accepted by a storage class Since the StorageClass lets PVCs access volume resources with minimal human intervention, it enables dynamic provisioning of storage resources. Storage Architecture Kubernetes applications run in containers hosted in PODs. Each POD uses a PVC to request a specific portion of PV. PVs are managed by a control plane, which calls volume plugin API actions using logic used to implement storage. The volume plugins, therefore, allow for access to physical storage. The architecture of Kubernetes storage in clusters: A typical Kubernetes Storage Cluster Storage Plugins Kubernetes supports different storage plugins- managed solutions built with a focus on enabling persistent storage for Kubernetes applications. With third-party plugins, Kubernetes developers and administrators can focus on an enhanced user experience, while vendors configure storage systems. Kubernetes supports all three types of file systems: File Storage Systems - Stores data as a single piece of information organized in a folder accessible through paths. It uses a logical hierarchy to store large arrays of files, making access and navigation simpler. Block Storage - Data is segregated into distinct clusters (blocks). Each block has a unique identifier so that storage drivers can store information in convenient chunks without needing file structures. Block storage offers granular control which is desirable for such use-cases as Mail Servers, Virtual Machines and Databases. Object Storage - Isolates data in encapsulated containers known as objects. Each object gets a unique ID which is stored in a flat memory model. This makes data easier to find in a large pool and also allows for the storage of data in different deployment environments. Object storage is most appropriate for highly flexible and scalable workloads such as Big Data, web applications and backup archives. Container Storage Interface Container Storage Interface (CSI) standardizes the management of persistent storage for containerized applications so that storage plugins can be developed for any container runtime or orchestrator. The CSI is a standard interface that allows storage systems to be exposed to containerized workloads. With CSI, storage product vendors can develop plugins and drivers that work across different orchestration platforms. CSI also defines Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) that enable various storage-related tasks. These tasks include: Dynamic volume provisioning Attaching and detaching nodes to volumes Mounting and unmounting volumes from nodes Consumption of volumes Identification of local storage providers Creating and deleting volume snapshots With the CSI providing a standard approach to the implementation and consumption of storage by containerized applications, a number of solutions have been developed to enable persistent storage. Some top cloud-native storage solutions include: OpenEBS Developed by Mayadata, OpenEBS is an open-source storage solution that entirely runs within the user space as Container Attached Storage. It allows for automated provisioning and high availability through replicated and dynamic Persistent Volumes. Some key features of OpenEBS include: Open-source and vendor-agnostic Utilizes hyperconverged infrastructure Supports both local and replicated volumes Built using microservices-based CAS architecture Portworx Portworx is an end-to-end storage solution for Kubernetes that offers granular storage, data security, migration across multiple cloud platforms and disaster recovery options. Portworx is built for containers from the ground up, making it a popular choice for cloud-native storage. Some features include: Elastic scaling with container-optimized volumes Uses multi-writer shared volumes Storage-aware and application-aware I/O tuning Enables data encryption at volume, storage class and cluster levels Ceph Ceph is founded on the Reliable Autonomic Distributed Object Store (RADOS) to provide pooled storage in a single unified cluster that is highly available, flexible and easy to manage. Ceph relies on the RADOS block storage system to decouple the namespace from underlying hardware to enable the creation of extensive, flexible storage clusters. Ceph features include: Uses the CRUSH algorithm for High Availability Supports file, block and object-storage systems Open-source StorageOS StorageOS is a complete cloud-native software-defined storage platform for running stateful Kubernetes applications. The solution is orchestrated as a cluster of containers that monitor and maintain the state of volumes and cluster nodes. Some features of StorageOS include: Reduces latency by enforcing data locality Uses in-memory caching to speed up volume access Enforces high availability using synchronous replication Utilizes standard AES encryption LongHorn Longhorn is a distributed, lightweight and reliable block storage solution for Kubernetes. It is built using container constructs and orchestrated using Kubernetes, making it a popular cloud native storage solution. Features of LongHorn include: Distributed, enterprise-grade storage with no single point of failure Change block detection for backup Automated, non-disruptive upgrades Incremental snapshots of storage for recovery Directory Mounts Kubernetes uses a hostPath volume to mount a directory from the host’s file system directly to a POD. This is mostly applicable for development and testing on single-node clusters. HostPath volumes are referenced via static provisioning. While not useful in a production environment, this method of persistence is beneficial for several use-cases, including: Running the container advisor (cAdvisor) inside a container When running a container that requires access to Docker internals Allowing a POD to specify whether a given volume path should exist before the POD starts running Containers are immutable, necessitating orchestration mechanisms that allow for the persistence of data they generate and process. Kubernetes uses volume primitives to enable the storage of cluster data. These include Volumes, Persistent Volumes and Persistent Volume Claims. Kubernetes also supports third-party storage vendors through the CSI. For single-node clusters, the hostPath volume attaches PODs directly to a node’s file system, facilitating development and testing. This article has already been published on https://blog.mayadata.io/the-importance-of-persistent-storage-in-kubernetes-mayadata-openebs and has been authorized by MayaData for a republish.

Create an AWS EKS Cluster and give logging/debugging access to the developer's EC2 who does not have access in AWS Console or are not added as an IAM user.

This guide will show you one of many ways that you can set up and tear down a local Kubernetes cluster with a load balancer for use as a local development environment.

Introduction- The NVMe Protocol Non-Volatile Memory express (NVMe) is a storage access protocol that lets the CPU access SSD memory through the Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe). Through a set of protocols and technologies, NVMe dramatically accelerates the way data is transmitted, stored and retrieved. With NVMe, the CPU accesses data on SSDs directly, enabling maximum SSD utilization and flexible scalability. NVMe allows for Storage Disaggregation and can be combined with Kubernetes for scale-out applications. This blog explores how NVMe redefines storage orchestration in Kubernetes. Advantages of NVMe for Distributed Storage: By using the PCIe interface to connect CPUs to SSDs, NVMe removes layers connecting compute to storage, allowing efficient storage abstraction and disaggregation. This offers various benefits for modern data centers, including: Efficient Memory Transfer - NVMe uses one ring per CPU to communicate directly with SSD storage, reducing the internal locking speeds for Input-Output controllers. NVMe also supports message signaled interrupts to prevent CPU bottlenecks, making storage efficient and scalable. NVMe reduces latency by combining message signaled interrupts with the large number of cores in CPUs to enable I/O parallelism. NVMe offers massive Queue Parallelism - Unlike SATA which supports a maximum 32 commands per queue, NVMe utilizes a private queuing which provides up to 64 thousand commands per queue over 64 thousand queues. This is because Each I/O controller gets its own set of queues, which linearly increases throughput with the number of CPU cores available. NVMe offers improved Security - The NVMe over Fabric specification supports secure tunneling protocols produced by reputable security communities such as the Trusted Computing Group (TCG). This means that NVMe enables enterprise-grade security features such as Access Control, Data Encryption at REST, Purge-Level Erase and Crypto-erase among others. NVMe relies on an efficient command set - The protocol relies on a simple, streamlined command set which halves the number of CPU instructions needed to process I/O requests. Besides offering lower latencies, this scheme enables advanced features such as power management and reservations, which extends the benefits beyond input-output operations. NVMe-oF Non Volatile Memory express-over Fabrics (NVMe-oF) is a specification that allows CPUs to connect to SSD Storage devices across a network fabric. This is designed to harness the benefits of the NVMe protocol over a Storage Area Network (SAN). The host computer can target an SSD storage device using an MSI-X based command while the network can be implemented using various networking protocols, including Fiber Channel, Ethernet or Infiniband. NVMe-oF has found wider popularity in modern networks since it allows software organizations to implement scaled out storage for highly-distributed, highly-available applications. By extending the NVMe protocol to SAN devices, NVMe-oF makes CPU usage efficient while improving connection speeds between applications on servers and storage. NVMe-oF supports various data transfer mechanisms, such as: RDMA Fiber Channel TCP/IP NVMe-oF interfaces networked flash storage with compute servers, enabling applications to run on shared network storage, thereby providing additional network consolidation for data centers. The SSD targets can be shared dynamically among application workloads, allowing for the efficient consumption of resources, flexibility and scalability. Kubernetes Orchestration and Storage Persistence While containers are transient, Kubernetes enables stateful applications by providing abstractions that reference a physical storage device. A containerized application is virtually isolated from other processes and applications running on other containers. This makes the Kubernetes environment highly flexible and scalable, as it allows applications to run in virtual machines, bare metal systems, supported cloud systems, or a combination of various deployments. While there are benefits to this approach, it also presents a challenge when there is the need to store and share data between containers. Kubernetes offers various abstractions and options for attaching container PODs to physical storage, such as: Volumes Persistent Volumes & Persistent Volume Claims Storage Classes The Container Storage Interface (CSI) and Storage Plugins Challenges of Orchestration using Direct Attached Storage (DAS) While Direct Attached Storage (DAS) offers a simple, highly available and quick storage, DAS alone is not sufficient to run Kubernetes clusters. This is because DAS devices have a limited storage capacity that cannot be dynamically provisioned to match stateful Kubernetes workloads. Additionally, DAS doesn’t incorporate networking capabilities or facilitate data access by different user groups since storage is only directly accessible to individual servers/desktop machines, while Kubernetes orchestrates on distributed clusters. NVMe for Kubernetes NVMe extends the low latency of DAS to Network Attached Storage devices by connecting servers to SSDs over a high-speed PCIe-oF interface. This makes NVMe an efficient option to provide storage for dynamic, extensible and flexible stateful applications running on Kubernetes. The Container Storage Interface (CSI) standard connects these pooled NVMe devices to Kubernetes clusters running stateful applications. By combining the low-latency networked storage offered by NVMe-oF and the flexibility of the CSI plugin, organizations can provide an efficient, agile and demand driven storage solution for Kubernetes applications. NVMe-oF Persistent Volumes To avoid the bottlenecks of running NVMe SSDs on a single, local server, several organizations are working to enable an NVMe-oF plugin for Kubernetes storage. Kubernetes enables the use of REST APIs to allow control of the storage provisioner through the NVMe-oF protocol. The storage provisioner then creates standard Volume API objects that can be used to attach a portion of pooled NVMe SSDs to a POD. Kubernetes PODs and other resources can then read and write data onto this pooled storage like any persistent volume object. OpenEBS created by MayaData is a popular agile storage stack for stateful Kubernetes applications that need minimal latency. The software infrastructure and plugins from OpenEBS integrate perfectly with the rapid, disaggregated physical storage offered by NVMe-oF. Integrating NVMe SSDs with OpenEBS plugins allows for simpler storage configurations for loosely coupled applications with stateful workloads. OpenEBS is one of the popular open-source, agile storage stacks for performance-sensitive databases orchestrated by Kubernetes. Mayastor, OpenEBS’s latest storage engine, delivers very low overhead versus the performance capabilities of underlying devices. While OpenEBS Mayastor does not require NVMe devices and does not require the workloads to access data via NVMe, an end to end deployment from a workload running a container supporting NVMe over TCP through the low overhead OpenEBS Mayastor and ultimately NVMe devices will understandably perform as close as possible to the theoretical maximum performance of the underlying devices.To learn more about how OpenEBS Mayastor, leveraging NVMe as a protocol, performs when leveraging some of the fastest NVMe devices currently available on the market, visit this article. OpenEBS Mayastor builds a foundational layer that enables workloads to coalesce and control storage as needed in a declarative, Kubernetes-native way. While doing so, the user can focus on what's important, that is, deploying and operating stateful workloads. If you’re interested in trying out Mayastor for yourself, instructions for how to set up your own cluster, and run a benchmark like `fio` may be found at https://docs.openebs.io/docs/next/mayastor.html. References Mayastor NVMe-oF TCP performance - https://openebs.io/blog/mayastor-nvme-of-tcp-performance/ Lightning-fast storage solutions with OpenEBS Mayastor and Intel Optane - https://mayadata.io/assets/pdf/product/intel-and-mayadata-benchmarking-of-openEBS-mayastor.pdf This article has already been published on https://blog.mayadata.io/the-benefits-of-using-nvme-for-kubernetes and has been authorized by MayaData for a republish.

This tutorial will guide you on installing and configuring Presto locally.