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An Overview of Storage in Kubernetes Kubernetes supports a powerful storage architecture that is often complex to implement unless done right. The Kubernetes orchestrator relies on volumes-abstracted storage resources - that help to save and share data between ephemeral containers. Since these storage resources abstract the underlying infrastructure, volumes enable dynamic provisioning of storage for containerized workloads. In Kubernetes, shared storage is typically achieved by mounting volumes and connecting to an external filesystem or block storage solution. Container Attached Storage (CAS) is a relatively newer solution that allows Kubernetes administrators to deploy storage as containerized microservices in a cluster. The CAS architecture makes workloads more portable and simpler to modify storage based on application needs. Because CAS is deployed per workload or per cluster, it also eliminates the cross workload and cluster blast radius of traditional shared storage. This article compares CAS with traditional shared storage to explore their similarities, differences and architecture overview. Container Attached Storage: Container Attached Storage (CAS) is a solution for stateful workloads that deploys storage as a cluster running in the cloud or on-premises. Unlike traditional storage options where storage is a shared filesystem or block storage running externally, CAS enables storage controllers that can be managed by Kubernetes. These storage controllers can run anywhere with a Kubernetes distribution, whether on top of traditional shared storage systems, or managed storage services like Amazon EBS. Data stored in CAS is accessed directly from containers within the cluster, thereby significantly reducing Read/Write times. Architecture Overview: CAS leverages the container orchestrator’s environment to enable persistent storage. The CAS software has storage targets in containers that run as services. If desired, these services are replicated as microservice-based storage replicas that can easily be scheduled and scaled independently of each other. CAS services can be orchestrated using Kubernetes or any other orchestration platform as containerized workloads, ensuring the autonomy and agility of software development teams. For any CAS solution, the cluster is typically divided into two layers: The control plane consists of the storage controllers, storage policies, and instructions on how to configure the data plane. Control plane components are responsible for the provisioning volumes and other storage associated tasks. The data plane components receive and execute instructions from the control plane on how to save and access container information. The main element of the data plane is the Storage Engine which implements pooled storage. The engine is essentially responsible for the Input-Output volume path. Some popular storage engines of OpenEBS include Mayastor, cStor, Jiva and OpenEBS LocalPV. Some prominent users of OpenEBS include the CNCF, ByteDance(Tiktok), Optro, Flipkart, Bloomberg and others. Features: Container Attached Storage is built to primarily run on Kubernetes and other cloud-native container orchestrators. This makes the solution inherently platform-agnostic and portable, thereby making it an efficient storage solution that can be deployed on any platform without the inconvenience of vendor lock-in. CAS decomposes storage controllers into constituent units that can be scaled and run independently. Every storage controller is attached to a Persistent Volume and typically runs within the user-space, achieving storage granularity and independence from underlying operating systems Control plane entities are deployed as Custom Resource Definitions that deal with physical storage entities such as disks Data plane entities are deployed as a collection of PODs running in the same cluster as the workload The CAS architecture can offer synchronous replication in order to add additional availability. When to Use: Container Attached Storage is steadily becoming the de-facto standard for persistent storage of stateful Kubernetes workloads. CAS is most like the Direct Attached Storage that many current workloads expect, such as NoSQL, logging, machine learning pipelines, Kafka and Pulsar. Many workload communities and users have embraced CAS. CAS also allows small teams to retain control over their workloads. In short, CAS may be preferred where: The workloads expect local storage Teams want to be able to efficiently turn local storage, including disks or cloud volumes, into volumes on demand for Kubernetes workloads Performance is a concern The loose coupling of the architecture is desired to be maintained at the storage layer Increased density of workloads on hosts is desired Small team autonomy is desired to be maintained Traditional Shared Storage: Shared storage was designed to allow multiple users/machines to access and store data in a pool of devices. Shared storage provided additional availability to workloads that themselves were unable to provide for their own availability; additionally, shared storage was able to work around the poor performance of the underlying disk which at the time we're able to deliver no more than 150 I/O operations per second. Today’s underlying drives can be 10,000 times more performant; massively faster than the performance requirements of most workloads. A shared storage infrastructure typically consists of block storage systems in Storage Area Networks (SANs) or file system based storage devices in Network Attached Storage (NAS) configurations. Adoption While the storage industry was once a rapidly growing industry, with growth rates in excess of 30% - 50% YoY in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In the 2010s this growth rate moderated and in certain years stopped entirely. In the 2020s growth started again, however, at a rate much slower than the exponential growth in the amount of data storage. Meanwhile, Direct Attached Storage and Cloud storage each grew more quickly in terms of capacity shipped and overall spending. Architecture Overview In traditional shared storage, all nodes in a network share the same physical storage resources but have their own private memory and processing devices. Files and other data can be accessed by any machine connected to the central storage. For a Kubernetes application, traditional shared storage is first implemented by using monolithic storage software to virtualize physical storage resources, which could either be bare-metal servers, SAN/NAS networks or block storage solutions. The software then connects to Persistent Volumes that store cluster data. Each Persistent Volume (PV) is bound to a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) which application PODs use to request a portion of the shared storage. Both CAS and shared storage can utilize the Container Storage Interface (CSI). CSI is used to issue the commands to the underlying storage such as the need to provision a PV or to expand or snapshot that capacity. Features: Embraces centralized, consolidated storage for Block and File Storage systems, allowing administration from a single interface. Traditional storage is distinctly divided into 3 layers: the Hosts tier which has client machines, the Fabric layer which includes switches and other networking devices, and the storage layer which includes the controllers used to read/write data onto physical disks. Shared storage integrates redundancy into the design of storage devices, allowing systems to withstand failure to a sizable degree. To scale up traditional shared storage, additional storage devices should be deployed and configured into the existing array. When to Use Shared storage is used to manage large amounts of data generated and accessed by a number of different machines. This is because traditional shared storage enables high performance for large files with no bottlenecks or downtimes. Shared storage is also the go-to storage solution for organizations that depend on collaboration between teams. As data and files are managed centrally, shared storage allows efficient version control and consolidated information management. Traditional Shared Storage is also used to eliminate the need for multiple drives containing the same information, which helps reduce redundancies, thus increasing storage capacity. CAS vs. Shared Storage The two storage options vary greatly in how they persist application data. While traditional shared storage relies on an external array of storage devices to persist data, CAS uses containers within an orchestrated environment. Following are a few similarities and differences between CAS and Traditional Shared Storage: Similarities: Both CAS and traditional shared storage offer high availability storage for applications. CAS allows high availability using Data POD replicas that ensure storage is always available for the CAS cluster. While traditional shared storage uses a redundant design to ensure that the storage system can withstand failure. Both options provide quick storage options for critical applications. CAS uses agile microservices to ensure quick I/O times while shared storage allows multiple machines to quickly read and write data on a shared pool of storage devices, reducing the need to create connections between individual machines. Both solutions accommodate software-defined storage which leverages the performance of physical devices with the agility of software. Both can utilize the Container Storage Interface (CSI) to issue the commands to the underlying storage. Both can be Open Source, extending the openness of Kubernetes to the data layer. It appears that container attached storage is somewhat more likely to be open source however that is yet to be determined conclusively. Differences CAS follows a container-based microservice framework for storage, which means teams can take advantage of the agility and portability of containers to ensure faster, more efficient storage. On the contrary, traditional shared storage involves different virtual or physical machines reading/writing into a shared pool of storage devices, thereby increasing latency and reducing access speeds. CAS is platform-agnostic. This means CAS-based storage solutions can run either on-premises or the cloud, without requiring extensive configuration changes. While shared storage relies on Kernel modifications, making it is inefficient to deploy for workloads across different environments. While traditional shared storage relies on consolidated monolithic storage software, CAS runs on the userspace, enabling independent management capabilities for efficient storage administration at the granular level. CAS allows linear scalability since storage containers can be brought up as required, while in traditional shared storage, scaling involves adding newer devices to an existing storage array Summary Designed in Kubernetes, CAS enables agility, granularity and linear scalability, making it a favourite for cloud-native applications. Traditional shared storage offers a mature stack of storage technology that mainly falls short in persisting storage for stateful applications due to the inherent lack of linear scalability. CAS is a novel solution that enables the implementation of storage controllers to exist in userspace, allowing maximum scalability. OpenEBS, a popular CAS based storage solution, has helped several enterprises run stateful workloads. Originally developed by MayaData, OpenEBS is now a CNCF project with a vibrant community of organizations and individuals alike. This was also evident from CNCF’s 2020 Survey Report that highlighted MayaData (OpenEBS) in the top-5 list of popular storage solutions. Resources: Canonical definition of Container Attached Storage: https://www.cncf.io/blog/2020/09/22/container-attached-storage-is-cloud-native-storage-cas/ To read Adopter use-cases or contribute your own, visit: https://github.com/openebs/openebs/blob/master/ADOPTERS.md. CNCF 2020 Survey Report: https://www.cncf.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CNCF_Survey_Report_2020.pdf OpenEBS LocalPV Quick Start Guide: https://docs.openebs.io/docs/next/localpv.html This article has already been published on https://blog.mayadata.io/container-attached-storage-cas-vs.-shared-storage-which-one-to-choose and has been authorized by MayaData for a republish.

This post defines the exact meaning of software scalability testing, highlights its benefits, and discusses how to perform appropriate tests.

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Hardware abstraction involves the creation of a programming layer that allows the computer operating system to interact with hardware devices at a general rather than detailed level. This layer involves logical code implementation that avails the hardware to any software program. For storage devices, abstraction provides a uniform interface for users accessing shared storage, concealing the hardware’s implementation from the operating system. This allows software running on user machines to get the highest possible performance from the storage devices. It also allows for device-independent programs since storage hardware abstraction enables device drivers to access each storage device directly. Kubernetes is, by nature, infrastructure agnostic, for that it relies on plugins and volume abstractions to decouple storage hardware from applications and services. On the other hand, containers are ephemeral, and immediately lose data when they terminate. Kubernetes persists data created and processed by containerized applications on Physical Storage devices using Volumes and Persistent Volumes. These abstractions connect to storage hardware through various types of Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) implementations. Two commonly used HAL storage implementations for Kubernetes clusters are Container Attached Storage (CAS) and Software Designed Storage (SDS). This blog delves into fundamental differences of CAS and SDS, the benefits of each, and the most appropriate use-cases for typical HAL storage implementations. Container Attached Storage Vs Software-Defined Storage Kubernetes employs abstracted storage for portable, highly available and distributed storage. The Kubernetes API supports various CAS and SDS storage solutions connecting through the CSI interface. Let us take a closer look into the functioning of both the abstraction models and the purpose each solves for storage in a Kubernetes cluster. Container Attached Storage Container Attached Storage (CAS) introduces a novel approach of persisting data for stateful workloads in Kubernetes clusters. With CAS, storage controllers are managed and run in containers as part of the Kubernetes cluster. This allows storage portability since these controllers can be run on any Kubernetes platform, whether on personal machines, on-premises data centres or public cloud offerings. Since a CAS leverages a microservice architecture, the storage solution remains closely associated with the application that binds to physical storage devices, reducing I/O times. Container Attached Storage Architecture CAS leverages the Kubernetes environment to enable the persistence of cluster data. The storage solution runs storage targets in containers. These targets are microservices that can be replicated for independent scaling and management. For enhanced autonomy and agility, these microservice-based storage targets can then be orchestrated using a platform like Kubernetes. A CAS cluster uses the control plane layer for storage management while the data plane layer is used to run storage targets/workloads. Storage controllers in the control plane provision volumes, spin up storage target replicas and perform other management associated tasks. Data plane components execute storage policies and instructions from control plane elements. These instructions typically include file paths, storage and access methods. The data plane additionally contains the storage engine which is responsible for implementing the actual Input-Output Path for file storage. Benefits of Container Attached Storage Container Attached Storage enables agile storage for stateful containerized applications. This is because it follows a microservice-based pattern which allows the storage controller and target replicas to be upgraded seamlessly. Containerization of storage software means that administrative teams can dynamically allocate and update storage policies for each volume. With CAS, low-level storage resources are represented using Kubernetes Custom Resource Definitions. This allows for seamless integration between storage and cloud-native tooling, which enables easier management and monitoring. CAS also ensures storage is vendor-agnostic since stateful workloads can be moved from one Kubernetes deployment environment to another without disrupting services. Container Attached Storage Use-Cases CAS uses storage target replication to ensure high availability, avoiding blast radius limitations of traditional distributed storage architecture. This makes CAS the top storage choice for cloud-native applications. CAS is also appropriate for organizations looking to orchestrate their storage across multiple clouds. This is because CAS can be deployed on any Kubernetes platform. Container Attached Storage enables simple storage backup and replication, making it perfect for applications that require scale-out storage. It is also perfect for development teams that want to improve read-write times for their Continuous Integration and Development (CI/CD) pipelines. Popular CAS solutions providers for Kubernetes include: OpenEBS StorageOS Portworx Longhorn Software-Defined Storage Software-Defined Storage architecture relies on data programs to decouple running applications from storage hardware. This simplifies the management of storage devices by abstracting them into virtual partitions. Management is then enabled on a Data Management Interface (DMI) that hosts command and control functions. Features of Software-Defined Storage With Software-Defined Storage, the data/service management interface is hosted on a master server that controls storage layers consisting of shared storage pools. This makes provisioning and allocation of storage easy and flexible. Following are some of the key features of software-defined storage: Device Abstraction - Data I/O services should be delivered uniformly to users regardless of the underlying hardware. Through SDS, storage abstraction constructs, such as repositories, file shares, volumes, and Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs) are used to create a clear divide between physical hardware and logical aspects of data storage. Automation - The SDS solution implements workflows and algorithms that reduce the amount of manual work performed by administrators. To enable efficient automation, SDS storage systems adapt to varying performance and data needs that require little human intervention. Disaggregated, Pooled Storage - Physical storage devices are part of a shared tool from which the software can carve out storage for services and applications. This allows SDS to use available storage efficiently when required, thereby resulting in optimum usage of resources. Advantages of Software-Defined Storage Some benefits of using SDS include: Enhanced Scalability - Decoupling hardware resources allows administrators to allocate physical storage dynamically depending on workload. Pooled, disaggregated storage enabled by SDS allows for both vertical and horizontal scaling of physical volumes, supporting larger capacity and higher performance. Improved I/O Performance - SDS enables input-output parallelism to process host requests dynamically across multiple CPUs. SDS also supports large caching memory of up to 8TB, while enabling automatic data tiering. This allows faster input-output operations for quicker data processing. Interoperability - SDS uses the Data Management Interface as a translator that allows storage solutions running on different platforms to interact with each other. It also groups physically isolated storage hardware into logical pools, allowing organizations to host shared storage from different vendors. Reduced Costs - SDS storage solutions typically run on existing commodity hardware while optimizing the consumption of storage. SDS also enables automation that reduces the number of administrators required to manage storage infrastructure. These factors lead to lower upfront and operational expenses towards managing workloads. When to Use Software-Defined Storage SDS offers several benefits for teams looking to enhance storage flexibility at reduced costs. Some common use-cases for SDS include: Data centre infrastructure modernization Creating robust systems for mobile and challenging environments Creating Hybrid Cloud Implementations to be managed on the same platform Leveraging existing infrastructure for Remote and Branch Offices Comparing Container Attached Storage with Software-Defined Storage Similarities: Both CAS and SDS enable isolation between physical storage hardware and running applications. While doing so, both technologies abstract data management from data storage resources. The two HAL implementations share several features in common, including: Vendor-agnostic Both CAS and SDS architectures allow multiple workloads running on a single host. This allows administrators to avail a separation between storage devices and the access software. As a result, organizations can choose either CAS or SDS to implement a storage solution that can run on any platform, regardless of who develops or manages the tooling. Allow dynamic storage allocation SDS and CAS allow for the dynamic attachment and detachment of storage tools, thereby enabling automatic provisioning of data backups and replicas for high availability applications. Both SDS and CAS allow for automatic deployment of storage infrastructure, which allows for storage technology diversity and heterogeneity. Allow efficient infrastructure scaling CAS and SDS allow horizontal and vertical infrastructure scaling to automate data workflows. The two HAL approaches enable the creation of a composable disaggregated infrastructure that enhances the creation of versatile, distributed environments. Differences While SDS enables distributed storage management and reduced hardware dependencies, CAS allows for disintegrated storage that can be run using any container orchestration platform. This introduces various differences between CAS and SDS, including: Software-Defined Storage relies on traditional shared software with limitations on blast radius, while Container Attached Storage (CAS) allows the replication of storage software, allowing for independent management and scaling. CAS allows for scaling up/sideways in both storage and volume performance, while SDS enables the scaling up of storage nodes to improve storage capacity. SDS enables a Hyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI) while CAS enables Highly Disaggregated Storage Infrastructure. Container Attached Storage and Software-Defined Storage both allow cluster administrators to leverage the benefits of hardware abstraction to persist data for stateful applications in Kubernetes. CAS allows the flexible management of storage controllers by allowing microservices-based storage orchestration using Kubernetes. On the other hand, Software-Defined Storage allows the abstraction of storage hardware using a programmable data control plane. CAS has all the features that a typical SDS provides, albeit tailored for container workloads and built with the latest software and hardware primitives. OpenEBS, a popular CAS based storage solution, has helped several enterprises run stateful workloads. Originally developed by MayaData, OpenEBS is now a CNCF project with a vibrant community of organizations and individuals alike. This was also evident from CNCF’s 2020 Survey Report that highlighted MayaData (OpenEBS) in the top-5 list of most popular storage solutions. To know more on how OpenEBS can help your organization run stateful workloads, contact us here. This article has already been published on https://blog.mayadata.io/container-attached-storage-cas-vs.-software-defined-storage-which-one-to-choose and has been authorized by MayaData for a republish.

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