In my last post, I described a new feature in TokuMX 1.5—partitioned collections—that’s aimed at making it easier and faster to work with time series data. Feedback from that post made me realize that some users may not immediately understand the differences between partitioning a collection and sharding a collection. In this post, I hope to clear that up. On the surface, partitioning a collection and sharding a collection seem similar. Both actions take a collection and break it into smaller pieces for some performance benefit. Also, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably when discussing other technologies. But for TokuMX, the two features are very different in purpose and implementation. In describing each feature’s purpose and implementation, I hope to clarify the differences between the two features. Let’s address sharding first. The purpose of sharding is to to distribute a collection across several machines (i.e. “scale-out”) so that writes and queries on the collection will be distributed. The main idea is that for big data, a single machine can only do so much. No matter how powerful your one machine is, that machine will still be limited by some resource, be it IOPS, CPU, or disk space. So, to get better performance for a collection, one can use sharding to distribute the collection across several machines, and thereby improve performance by increasing the amount of hardware. To perform these tasks, a sharded collection ought to have a relatively even distribution across shards. Therefore, it should have the following properties: User’s writes ought to be distributed amongst machines (or shards). After all, if all writes are targeted at a single shard, then they are not distributed and we are not scaling To keep data distribution relatively even, background process migrate data between shards if a shard is found to have too much or too little data Because of these properties, each shard contains a random subset of the collection’s data. Now let’s address partitioning. The purpose of partitioning is to break the collection into smaller collections so that large chunks of data may be removed very efficiently. A typical example is keeping a rolling period of 6 months of log data for a website. Another example is keeping the last 14 days of oplog data, as we do via partitioning in TokuMX 1.4. In such examples, typically only one partition (the latest one) is getting new data. Periodically, but infrequently, we drop the oldest partition to reclaim space. For the log data example, once a month we may drop a month’s worth of data. For the oplog, once a day we drop a day’s worth of data. To perform these tasks, we are not concerned with load distribution, as nearly all writes are typically going to the last partition. We are not spreading partitions across machines. With partitioning, each partition holds a continuous range of the data (e.g. all data from the month of February), whereas with sharding, each shard holds small random chunks of data from across the key space. With all this being said, there are still similarities when thinking of schema design with a partitioned collection and a sharded collection. As I touched on in my last post, designing a partition key has similarities to designing a shard key as far as queries are concerned. Queries on a sharded collection perform better if they target single shards. Similarly, queries on a partitioned collection perform better if they target a single partition. Queries that don’t can be thought of as “scatter/gather” for both sharded and partitioned collections. Hopefully this illuminates the difference between a partitioned collection and a sharded collection.

Part 1 In the previous post we looked at techniques to help us create and articulate more effective queries. From auto-complete for lookup tasks to auto-suggest for exploratory search, these simple techniques can often make the difference between success and failure. But occasionally things do go wrong. Sometimes our information journey is more complex than we’d anticipated, and we find ourselves straying off the ideal course. Worse still, in our determination to pursue our original goal, we may overlook other, more productive directions, leaving us endlessly finessing a flawed strategy. Sometimes we are in too deep to turn around and start again. Conversely, there are times when we may consciously decide to take a detour and explore the path less trodden. As we saw earlier, what we find along the way can change what we seek. Sometimes we find the most valuable discoveries in the most unlikely places. However, there’s a fine line between these two outcomes: one person’s journey of serendipitous discovery can be another’s descent into confusion and disorientation. And there’s the challenge: how can we support the former, while unobtrusively repairing the latter? In this post, we’ll look at four techniques that help us keep to the right path on our information journey. 1. Did you mean As we saw in the previous post, auto-complete and auto-suggest are two of the most effective ways to prevent spelling mistakes and typographic errors (i.e. instances where we know how to spell something, but enter it incorrectly). By completing partial queries and suggesting meaningful alternatives, they avoid the problem at source. But, inevitably, some mistakes will slip through. Fortunately, there are a variety of coping strategies. One of the simplest is to use spell checking algorithms to compare queries against common spellings of each word. The figure below shows the results on Google for the query “expolsion”. This isn’t necessarily a ‘failed’ search as such (as it does return results), but the more common spelling “explosion” would return more a productive result set. Of course, without knowing our intent, Google can never know for sure whether this spelling was intentional, so it offers the alternative as a “Did you mean” suggestion at the top of the search results page. Interestingly, Google repeats the suggestion at the bottom of the page, but with a slightly longer wording: “Did you mean to search for”. This is a subtle clarification, but one that may reflect the user’s shift in attention at this point (from query to results). Potential spelling mistakes are addressed by a “Did you mean” suggestion at Google Likewise, most major online retailers apply a similar strategy for dealing with potential spelling mistakes and typographic errors. Amazon and eBay both conservatively apply Did You Mean to queries such as “guitr”, faithfully passing on the results for this query but offering the alternative as a highlighted suggestion immediately above the search results. And in Amazon’s case, the results for the corrected spelling are appended immediately below those of the original query: Did You Mean at Amazon Did You Mean at eBay 2. Auto-correct Search engines may be capable of many things, but one thing they cannot do is read minds: they can never know the user’s intent. For that reason, when faced with queries like those above, it is wise to keep some distance. Offer a gentle nudge, but leave the choice with the user. However, there are times when it seems much more apparent that a spelling mistake has occurred. In these cases, we may not know for sure what the user’s intent was, but we can be fairly certain what it wasn’t. In these instances, auto-correction may be the most appropriate response. For example, consider a query for “expolson” on Google: this time, instead of applying a Did You Mean, it is auto-corrected to “explosion”. As before, a message appears above the results (“Showing results for”), but this time, the choice has been made for us: Auto-correct at Google It seems that this time Google is more confident that our query was unintended. Without knowing our intent, how can it determine this? (In case you’re wondering, it’s not simply by looking for relatively low numbers of results: “expolsion” returns ~135,000 results, and “exploson” returns ~222,000, yet the latter auto-corrected while the former is not.) The answer lies in what Google researchers refer to as the “Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data”: in this instance, the collective behaviour of millions of users. By mining user data for patterns of query reformulation, Google can determine that “exploson” is more likely to be corrected than “expolsion”. Knowing this, it applies the correction for us. In fact, Google applies the same insight to the auto-suggest function we saw in our previous post: in addition to completions based on the prefix, it also returns potential spelling. This is particularly important in a mobile context, when accurate typing on small, handheld keyboards is so much more difficult: Query suggestions include spelling corrections on Google These strategies make a significant difference to the experience of searching the web. However, for site search, such vast quantities of user data may not be so readily available. In this case, perhaps a simple numeric test could suffice: for zero results, apply an auto-correction; for greater than zero but less than some threshold (say 20 results), offer a Did You Mean. 3. Partial matches The techniques of auto-correct and Did You Mean are ideal for detecting and repairing simple errors such as spelling mistakes in short queries. But the reality of keyword search is that many users over-constrain their search by entering too many keywords, rather than too few. This is particularly apparent when confronted with a zero results page: for many users, the natural reaction is to add further keywords to their query, thus compounding the problem. In these cases, it no longer makes sense to replace the entire query in the manner of an auto-correct or Did You Mean, particularly if certain sections of it might have actually returned productive results on their own. Instead, we need a more sophisticated strategy that considers the individual keywords and can determine which particular permutations are likely to produce useful results. Amazon provides a particularly effective implementation of this strategy. For example, a keyword search for “fender strat maple 1976 USA” finds no matching results. However, rather than returning a zero results page, Amazon returns a number of partial matches based on various keyword permutations. Moreover, by communicating the non-matching elements of the query (using strikethrough text), it gently guides us along the path to more informed query reformulation: Partial matches at Amazon Although conceptually simple, solving the partial match problem is non-trivial: a query with N keywords actually has N factorial permutations, of which only a fraction will return useful results. So for just the single query above, there are in principle 120 variations to consider. In addition, out of all those variations, there is only space to present results for a handful, so they need to be chosen to reflect the diversity of the matching products while avoiding duplicate results. A similar strategy can be seen at eBay, which also finds no results for the same query we tried on Amazon. Instead of a zero results page, we see a list of the partial matches with an invitation to select one of them (or to “try the search again with fewer keywords”). These are ordered using what’s known as quorum-level ranking (Salton, 1989), which sorts results according to the number of matching keywords. In other words, products matching four keywords (such as “fender strat maple USA”) are ranked above those containing three or fewer (such as “fender strat USA”). Partial matches using quorum-level ranking at eBay Partial matches are a very effective way to facilitate the process of query reformulation, providing us with a clear direction to take along our information journey. Together with auto-correct and Did You Mean, they act as signposts that help us decide which of the many paths to take. But sometimes we may see something that motivates us to take a deliberate detour. Like the auto-suggest function we saw in the previous post, related searches provides us with the inspiration to embrace new ideas that we might not otherwise have considered. 4. Related searches All the major web search engines offer support for related searches. Bing, for example, shows them in a panel to the left of the main results: Related searches at Bing Google, by contrast, shows them on demand (via a link in the sidebar) as a panel above the main search results. Both designs differentiate between extensions to the query and reformulations: any keywords that are not part of the original query are rendered in bold: Related searches at Google Apart from providing inspiration, related searches can be used to help clarify an ambiguous query. For example, query on Bing for “apple” returns results associated mainly with the computer manufacturer, but the related searches clearly indicate a number of other interpretations: Query disambiguation via related searches at Bing Related searches can also be used to articulate associated concepts in a taxonomy. At eBay, for example, a query for “acoustic guitar” returns a number of related searches at varying levels of specificity. These include subordinate (child) concepts, such as “yamaha acoustic guitar” and “fender acoustic guitar”, along with sibling concepts such as “electric guitar”, and superordinate (parent) concepts such as “guitar”. These taxonomic signposts offer a subtle form of guidance, helping us understand better the conceptual space to which our query belongs. Taxonomic signposting via related searches at eBay While related searches offer us a way to open our minds to new directions; they are not the only source of inspiration. Sometimes it is the results themselves that provide the stimulus. When we find a particularly good match for our information need, we try to find more of the same: a process that Peter Morville refers to as “pearl growing” (Morville, 2010). Sometimes the action to find more of the same is one we can directly initiate: Google’s image search, for example, offers us the opportunity to find images similar to a particular result: Find similar images at Google For image search, the results certainly appear impressive, with a single click returning a remarkably homogenous set of results. But that is perhaps also its biggest shortcoming: by hiding the details of the similarity calculation, the user has no control over what it returns, and cannot see why certain items are deemed similar when others are not. For this type of information need, a faceted approach may be preferable, in which the user has control over exactly which dimensions are considered as part of the similarity calculation. While Google shows how we can actively seek similar results, sometimes we may prefer to have related content pushed to us. Recommender systems like Last.fm and Netflix rely heavily on attributes, ratings and collaborative filtering data to suggest content we’re likely to enjoy. And from just a single item in our music collection, iTunes Genius can recommend many more for us to listen to as part of a playlist: Genius playlist creates “more like this” from a single item Summary Query reformulation is a key component of information seeking behaviour, and one where we benefit most from automated support. Did You Mean and auto-correct apply spell checking strategies to keep us on track. Partial matching strategies provide signposts toward more productive keyword combinations. And related searches can inspire us to consider new directions and grow our own pearls. Together, these four techniques keep us on track along our information journey. References Salton, G. Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis and Retrieval of Information by Computer. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989. Alon Halevy, Peter Norvig, Fernando Pereira, “The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data,” IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 8-12, Mar./Apr. 2009 Peter Morville, Search Patterns, O’Reilly Media, 2009.

a recent study by gartner predicts a very significant increase in cloud usage by consumers in a few years, due in great part to the ever growing use of smartphone cameras by the average household. in this context, it could be useful to have a smartphone application that is able to upload / download digital content from a cloud provider. in this article, we will construct a basic android prototype that will allow us to plug in the windows azure cloud provider, and use the windows azure toolkit for android ( available at github ) to do all of the basic cloud operations : upload content to cloud storage, browse the storage, download or delete files in cloud storage. once those operations are implemented, we will see how to enable our android application to receive server push notifications . first things first, we need to set up a storage account in the azure cloud: a storage account comes with several options as for data management : we can keep data in blob, table or queue storage. in this article, we will use the blob storage to work with images. the storage account has a primary and secondary access key , either one of the two can be used to execute operations on the storage account. any of those keys can be regenerated if compromised. 1. preliminaries first, the prerequisites: eclipse ide for java android plugin for eclipse ( adt ) windows azure toolkit for android windows azure subscription (you can get a 90-day free trial ) a getting-started document on windows azure toolkit’s github page covers the installation procedure of all the the required software in detail. this whole project ( cloid ) is freely available at github . so here we’ll limit ourselves to presenting the most relevant code sections along with the corresponding screens. the user interface is composed of a few basic activity screens, spawned from the main screen (top center): since we use a technology not for its own sake but according to our needs, let’s start by specifying what we want: public abstract class storage { /** all providers will have accesss to context*/ protected context context; /** all providers will have accesss to sharedpreferences */ protected cloudpreferences prefs; /** all downloads from providers will be saved on sd card */ protected string download_path = "/sdcard/dcim/camera/"; /** * @throws operationexception * */ public storage(context ctx) throws operationexception { context = ctx; prefs = new cloudpreferences(ctx); } /** * @throws operationexception * */ public abstract void uploadtostorage(string file_path) throws operationexception; /** * @throws operationexception * */ public abstract void downloadfromstorage(string file_name) throws operationexception; /** * @throws operationexception * */ public abstract void browsestorage() throws operationexception; /** * @throws operationexception * */ public abstract void deleteinstorage(string file_name) throws operationexception; } the above is the contract that our cloud storage provider will satisfy. we’ll provide a mockstorage implementation that will pretend to carry out a command in order to test our ui (i.e. our scrollable items list, progress bar, exception messages, etc.), so that we can later just plug in azure storage operations. note from our activities screen above, that we can switch anytime between azure storage and mock storage with the press of the toggle button “cloud on/off” in the settings screen, saving the preferences afterward. public class mockstorage extends storage { // code here... @override public void uploadtostorage(string file_path) throws operationexception { donothingbutsleep(); //throw new operationexception( "test error message", // new throwable("reason: upload test") ); } // other methods will also do nothing but sleep... /***/ private void donothingbutsleep(){ try{ thread.sleep(5000l); } catch (interruptedexception iex){ return; } } 2. the azure toolkit the toolkit comes with a sample application called “simple”, and two library jars: access control for android.jar in the wa-toolkit-android\library\accesscontrol\bin folder azure storage for android.jar in the wa-toolkit-android\library\storage\bin folder here we will only use the latter, since we will access directly azure’s blob storage. needless to say, this is not the recommended way , since our credentials will be stored on the handset. a better approach security-wise would be to access azure storage through web services hosted on either azure or other public/private clouds. once the toolkit is ready for use, we need to think a bit about settings . using an azure blob storage only requires 3 fields: an account name , an access key , and a container for our images. the access key is quite a long string (88 characters) and is kind of a pain to type, so one way to do the setup is to configure the android res/values/strings.xml file to set the default values: ... cloid insert-access-key-here pictures ... however, because we may want to overwrite the default values above (e.g. create another container), we will also save the values on the settings screen in android’s sharedpreferences . and now, let’s implement the azurestorage class. 3. azure blob storage operations 3.1. storage initialization the azurestorage constructor gets its data from android preferences (from its superclass), then constructs a connection string used to access the storage account, creates a blob client and retrieves a reference to the container of images. if the user changed the default container “pictures” in settings, then a new (empty) one will be created with that new name. a container is any grouping of blobs under a name. no blob exists outside of a container. // package here // other imports import com.windowsazure.samples.android.storageclient.blobproperties; import com.windowsazure.samples.android.storageclient.cloudblob; import com.windowsazure.samples.android.storageclient.cloudblobclient; import com.windowsazure.samples.android.storageclient.cloudblobcontainer; import com.windowsazure.samples.android.storageclient.cloudblockblob; import com.windowsazure.samples.android.storageclient.cloudstorageaccount; public class azurestorage extends storage { private cloudblobcontainer container; / * @throws operationexception * */ public azurestorage(context ctx) throws operationexception { super(ctx); // set from prefs string acct_name = prefs.getaccountname(); string access_key = prefs.getaccesskey(); // get connection string string storageconn = "defaultendpointsprotocol=http;" + "accountname=" + acct_name + ";accountkey=" + access_key; // get cloudblobcontainer try { // retrieve storage account from storageconn cloudstorageaccount storageaccount = cloudstorageaccount.parse(conn); // create the blob client // to get reference objects for containers and blobs cloudblobclient blobclient = storageaccount.createcloudblobclient(); // retrieve reference to a previously created container container = blobclient.getcontainerreference( prefs.getcontainer() ); container.createifnotexist(); } catch (exception e) { throw new operationexception("error from initblob: " + e.getmessage(), e); } } // code... we will use that container reference cloudblobcontainer throughout our upcoming cloud operations. 3.2. uploading images we will upload a file from android’s gallery to the cloud, keeping the same filename. “screener” is just a utilities class (see github repository) that does a number of useful things, e.g. extracting a file name from its path and setting the right mime type (“image/jpeg”, “image/png”, etc.). the two kinds of blobs are page blobs and block blobs . the (very) short story is that page blobs are optimized for read & write operations, while block blobs let us upload large files efficiently. in particular we can upload multiple blocks in parallel to decrease upload time. here we are uploading a blob (gallery image) as a set of blocks. /** * @throws operationexception */ @override public void uploadtostorage(string file_path) throws operationexception { try { // create or overwrite blob with contents from a local file // use same name than in local storage cloudblockblob blob = container.getblockblobreference( screener.getnamefrompath(file_path) ); file source = new file(file_path); blob.upload( new fileinputstream(source), source.length() ); blob.getproperties().contenttype = screener.getimagemimetype(file_path); blob.uploadproperties(); } catch (exception e) { throw new operationexception("error from uploadtostorage: " + e.getmessage(), e); } } bear in mind that we are not checking if the file already exists in cloud storage. therefore we will overwrite any existing file with the same name as the one we are uploading. that is usually not desirable in production code. here’s the screen flow of the upload operation: 3.3. browsing the cloud for browsing, we store all our blobs in our container into a list of items that we will display in android as a scrollable list of image names in a subclass of android.app.listactivity . once one item in the list is clicked (“touched”) by the user, we want to display some image properties such as the image size (important when deciding to download), its mime type, and the date it was last operated upon. /** * @throws operationexception * */ @override public void browsestorage() throws operationexception{ // reset uri list for refresh - no caching item.itemlist.clear(); // loop over blobs within the container try { for (cloudblob blob : container.listblobs()) { blob.downloadattributes(); blobproperties props = blob.getproperties(); long ksize = props.length/1024; string type = props.contenttype; date lastmodified = props.lastmodified; item item = new item(blob.geturi(), blob.getname(), ksize, type, lastmodified); item.itemlist.add(item); } // end loop } catch (exception e) { throw new operationexception("error from browsestorage: " + e.getmessage(), e); } } here’s the screen flow of the browse operation. pressing on an item on the list displays its details and operations on the image, which we will look at next: 3.4. downloading images our download method is pretty straightforward. note that we are downloading to the android handset’s sd card by using download_path from the superclass. /** * @throws operationexception * */ @override public void downloadfromstorage(string file_name) throws operationexception{ try { for (cloudblob blob : container.listblobs()) { // download the item and save it to a file with the same name as arg if(blob.getname().equals(file_name)){ blob.download( new fileoutputstream(download_path + blob.getname()) ); break; } } } catch (exception e) { throw new operationexception("error from downloadfromstorage: " + e.getmessage(), e); } } and the corresponding ui flow. instead of displaying the image right after the download, we chose to include a link to the gallery (bottom of the screen) where the freshly retrieved image appears on top of the gallery’s stack of pictures: 3.5. deleting images the delete operation performed on a blob up in the cloud is also rather simple: /** * @throws operationexception */ @override public void deleteinstorage(string file_name) throws operationexception{ try { // retrieve reference to a blob named file_name cloudblockblob blob = container.getblockblobreference(file_name); // delete the blob blob.delete(); } catch (exception e) { throw new operationexception("error from deleteinstorage: " + e.getmessage(), e); } } and its associated ui screens series. note that after confirming the operation, and when deletion completes, the browsing list of items is automatically refreshed, and we can see that the image is no longer on the list of blobs in our storage container. 3.6. wrapping up the azurestorage methods are called inside a basic work thread, which will take care of all cloud operations: // called inside a thread try { // get storage instance from factory storage store = storagefactory.getstorageinstance(this, storagefactory.provider.azure_storage); // for the progress bar incrementworkcount(); // do ops switch(operation){ case upload : store.uploadtostorage(path); break; case browse : store.browsestorage(); break; case download : store.downloadfromstorage(path); // refresh gallery sendbroadcast( new intent( intent.action_media_mounted, uri.parse("file://"+ environment.getexternalstoragedirectory()) ) ); break; case delete : store.deleteinstorage(path); break; } // end switch } catch (operationexception e) { recorderror(e); } notice how we are telling the android image gallery to refresh by issuing a broadcast once a new file is downloaded from the cloud to the sd card. there are different ways to do this, but without that call, the gallery won’t show the new image before the next system scheduled media scan. again, for the full code, refer to this project on github. we are done with the basic cloud operations. all we had to do was plug in our azurestorage implementation class and get an instance of it through a factory, with minimal impact on preexisting code. 4. push notifications up to this point we have demonstrated device-initiated communication with the cloud. for cloud-initiated or push communication, the android platform uses google cloud messaging (gcm). in a previous article , i wrote about how to integrate gcm into an existing android application. here we will add a second set of settings for server push. our client code will connect with any gcm server and it will set the status on our main activity (last screen shot on the right) once the information in push preferences is correctly set. 5. conclusions the toolkit documentation is kind of sparse (which is why the community needs more articles like this). also, the sample application doesn’t cover much (maybe the reason why it’s called “simple”), and it has room for improvement. however, the library itself is fully functional, and once we figure out the api, it all works quite nicely. of course, this application is itself pretty basic and doesn’t cover lots of other features, like access control, permissions, metadata, and snapshots. but it is a start.

see also: part i: when to build your data warehouse part ii: building a new schema part iii: location of your data warehouse part iv: extraction, transformation, and load in part i we looked at the advantages of building a data warehouse independent of cubes/a bi system and in part ii we looked at how to architect a data warehouse’s table schema. in part iii, we looked at where to put the data warehouse tables. in part iv, we are going to look at how to populate those tables and keep them in sync with your oltp system. today, our last part in this series, we will take a quick look at the benefits of building the data warehouse before we need it for cubes and bi by exploring our reporting and other options. as i said in part i, you should plan on building your data warehouse when you architect your system up front. doing so gives you a platform for building reports, or even application such as web sites off the aggregated data. as i mentioned in part ii, it is much easier to build a query and a report against the rolled up table than the oltp tables. to demonstrate, i will make a quick pivot table using sql server 2008 r2 powerpivot for excel (or just powerpivot for short!). i have showed how to use powerpivot before on this blog , however, i usually was going against a sql server table, sql azure table, or an odata feed. today we will use a sql server table, but rather than build a powerpivot against the oltp data of northwind, we will use our new rolled up fact table. to get started, i will open up powerpivot and import data from the data warehouse i created in part ii. i will pull in the time, employee, and product dimension tables as well as the fact table. once the data is loaded into powerpivot, i am going to launch a new pivottable. powerpivot understands the relationships between the dimension and fact tables and places the tables in the designed shown below. i am going to drag some fields into the boxes on the powerpivot designer to build a powerful and interactive pivot table. for rows i will choose the category and product hierarchy and sum on the total sales. i’ll make the columns (or pivot on this field) the month from the time dimension to get a sum of sales by category/product by month. i will also drag in year and quarter in my vertical and horizontal slicers for interactive filtering. lastly i will place the employee field in the report filter pane, giving the user the ability to filter by employee. the results look like this, i am dynamically filtering by 1997, third quarter and employee name janet leverling. this is a pretty powerful interactive report build in powerpivot using the four data warehouse tables. if there was no data warehouse, this pivot table would have been very hard for an end user to build. either they or a developer would have to perform joins to get the category and product hierarchy as well as more joins to get the order details and sum of the sales. in addition, the breakout and dynamic filtering by year and quarter, and display by month, are only possible by the dimtime table, so if there were no data warehouse tables, the user would have had to parse out those dateparts. just about the only thing the end user could have done without assistance from a developer or sophisticated query is the employee filter (and even that would have taken some powerpivot magic to display the employee name, unless the user did a join.) of course pivot tables are not the only thing you can create from the data warehouse tables you can create reports, ad hoc query builders, web pages, and even an amazon style browse application. (amazon uses its data warehouse to display inventory and oltp to take your order.) i hope you have enjoyed this series, enjoy your data warehousing.

In Part I we looked at the advantages of building a data warehouse independent of cubes/a BI system and in Part II we looked at how to architect a data warehouse’s table schema. Today we are going to look at where to put your data warehouse tables. Let’s look at the location of your data warehouse. Usually as your system matures, it follows this pattern: Segmenting your data warehouse tables into their own isolated schema inside of the OLTP database Moving the data warehouse tables to their own physical database Moving the data warehouse database to its own hardware When you bring a new system online, or start a new BI effort, to keep things simple you can put your data warehouse tables inside of your OLTP database, just segregated from the other tables. You can do this a variety of ways, most easily is using a database schema (ie dbo), I usually use dwh as the schema. This way it is easy for your application to access these tables as well as fill them and keep them in sync. The advantage of this is that your data warehouse and OLTP system is self-contained and it is easy to keep the systems in sync. As your data warehouse grows, you may want to isolate your data warehouse further and move it to its own database. This will add a small amount of complexity to the load and synchronization, however, moving the data warehouse tables to their own table brings some benefits that make the move worth it. The benefits include implementing a separate security scheme. This is also very helpful if your OLTP database scheme locks down all of the tables and will not allow SELECT access and you don’t want to create new users and roles just for the data warehouse. In addition, you can implement a separate backup and maintenance plan, not having your date warehouse tables, which tend to be larger, slow down your OLTP backup (and potential restore!). If you only load data at night, you can even make the data warehouse database read only. Lastly, while minor, you will have less table clutter, making it easier to work with. Once your system grows even further, you can isolate the data warehouse onto its own hardware. The benefits of this are huge, you can have less I/O contention on the database server with the OLTP system. Depending on your network topology, you can reduce network traffic. You can also load up on more RAM and CPUs. In addition you can consider different RAID array techniques for the OLTP and data warehouse servers (OLTP would be better with RAID 5, data warehouse RAID 1.) Once you move your data warehouse to its own database or its own database server, you can also start to replicate the data warehouse. For example, let’s say that you have an OLTP that works worldwide but you have management in offices in different parts of the world. You can reduce network traffic by having all reporting (and what else do managers do??) run on a local network against a local data warehouse. This only works if you don’t have to update the date warehouse more than a few times a day. Where you put your data warehouse is important, I suggest that you start small and work your way up as the needs dictate.

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Diving into KoP concepts, answering frequently asked questions, and the latest and future improvements the KoP community has made and will make to the project.

In this article, learn how to build a Wasm UDF to perform sentiment analysis on data already stored in SingleStoreDB.

Learn how to build a modern data stack with cloud-native technologies, such as data warehouse, data lake, and data streaming, to solve business problems.

The Decorator pattern is a great fit for modifying the behaviour of a microservice. Native language support can help with applying it quickly and modularly.